THE  UNIVERSITY 


OF  ILLINOIS 


LIBRARY 

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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
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AUTOMOBILE  CATECHISM 

AND 

REPAIR  MANUAL 


A Series  of  Questions  and  Answers  Covering  the 
Construction,  Care,  and  Operation 
of  Automobiles 

ALSO 

Complete  Instructions  for  Locating  Troubles  and  Making 
Adjustments  and  Repairs  of  All  Kinds 

PREPARED  EXPRESSLY  FOR 

Owners,  Chauffeurs,  Garage  Men  and  Automobile 
Machinists 

BY 

CALVIN  F.  SWINGLE,  M.  E., 

Author  of  "Swingle’s  Twentieth  Century  Hand  Book  for  Steam  Engi- 
neers and  Electricians,**  "The  Steam  Turbine,** 

"Steam  Boilers,**  Etc.,  Etc., 

AND 

H.  A.  TARANTOUS 


ILLUSTRATED 


CHICAGO 

FREDERICK  J.  DRAKE  & CO. 
Publishers 


Copyright,  1914 
by 

Frederick  J.  Drake  4b  Co. 
Chicago 


w €“ 


S>vo  (o  Ow 

CONTENTS 


x 


PART  I 

AUTOMOBILE  CATECHISM. 

Page 

Introduction  7 

Questions  and  Answers 11-  86 

Reference  Tables 87-101 

Charts : 

Transmission  Gear (opposite)  92 

Elevation  of  Chassis (opposite)  96 

Plan  of  Chassis (opposite)  100 


PART  n 


*/> 


fi) 


a" 

ilT 


REPAIR  MANUAL. 

Introduction  

I.  Motor  Knocks 

Ignition  Knock 

Carbon  Knock 

Fuel  Knock 

Loose  Part  Knock 

Timing  Gear  Knock 

Slaps 

Push  Rod  Knock 

s 


103 

105 

105 

106 
106 
106 
107 
107 
107 


6 


Contents 


Page 

Causes  107 

Determining  the  Knock 110 

Curing  the  Knocks 116 

II.  Carburetion  124 

III.  Ignition  134 

IY.  Yalve  Troubles  141 

Y.  Fitting  Piston  Rings 145 

YI.  Tires : Their  ailments,  care  and  repair.  149 

Index — Part  1 155-162 

Index — Part  II 163-164 


INTRODUCTION 


THE  phenomenal  development  of  the  automo- 
bile within  the  past  few  years  has  resulted 
in  the  creation  of  new  branches  of  skilled  labor 
of  the  highest  grade,  not  only  in  the  design  and 
construction  of  this  useful  and  valuable  machine, 
but  also  in  its  care  and  operation.  The  safe  and 
successful  management  of  the  swiftly  moving 
auto,  as  it  threads  its  way  through  the  crowded 
street,  or  rapidly  covers  distance  upon  the  high- 
way, calls  for  skill,  intelligence,  and  a thorough 
knowledge  of  the  machine  in  all  its  details.  With 
a view  of  supplying  this  information  in  a con- 
densed, and  at  the  same  time  clear  and  accurate 
form,  the  authors  have  prepared  this  little  book 
in  which  the  autoist  can  find  without  delay  just 
the  instructions  needed  for  guidance  in  the  re- 
pair, adjustment  and  operation  of  his  machine. 

For  convenience  the  w^ork  is  divided  into  two 
parts.  Part  I comprises  over  four  hundred  ques- 
tions and  answers,  covering  all  parts  of  the  auto- 
mobile with  respect  to  construction,  care  and 
operation,  and  reference  tables  with  charts,  illus- 
trating all  parts  in  minute  detail.  The  questions 
and  answers  are  arranged  alphabetically  so  that 
the  desired  information  may  be  easily  obtained. 

Part  II  is  devoted  entirely  to  repairs.  It  is  one 
thing  to  know  how  to  make  repairs  and  adjust- 
ments, another  to  know  what  the  trouble  is.  This 
book  takes  nothing  for  granted,  but  proceeds  in  a 

7 


8 


Introduction 


systematic  manner  to  show  how  to  locate  a cause 
of  trouble.  Once  the  offending  part  is  determined, 
the  best  method  of  repairing  it  is  graphically  de- 
scribed and  illustrated.  The  methods  of  adjust- 
ment and  repair  of  all  the  widely  used  types  are 
explained.  The  last  chapter  will  be  found  par- 
ticularly valuable  to  the  man  who  wishes  to  keep 
his  tire  bills  low,  showing  the  various  tire  ail- 
ments, their  cause  and  their  cure. 


PART  I 

QUESTIONS  AND  ANSWERS 


QUESTIONS  AND  ANSWERS. 

A. 

Ques.  1.  Mention  some  of  the  inconveniences 
connected  with  the  use  of  the  Acetylene  light? 

Ans.  It  contains  impurities  which  endanger 
health  when  burned  in  a closed  room.  Carbon 
dust  gets  into  the  burners  and  clogs  them ; some- 
times causing  explosions. 

Ques.  2.  What  should  be  done  with  an  Acety- 
lene lamp  system  in  order  to  get  satisfactory 
service  from  it? 

Ans.  Strict  cleanliness  should  be  maintained 
at  all  times,  and  the  various  parts  should  be 
examined  and  replaced  from  time  to  time  as 
necessary. 

Ques.  3.  How  is  the  electrolyte  for  storage 
battery  cells  made? 

Ans.  By  pouring  sulphuric  acid  into  distilled 
water  until  the  specific  gravity  is  1.12;  then 
allow  the  solution  to  cool  until  its  temperature 
is  about  60  degrees. 

Ques.  4.  What  is  an  electrical  accumulator? 

Ans.  The  storage  battery  is  an  accumulator 
of  electrical  energy,  and  is  used  for  driving  the 
electrically  propelled  car. 

Ques.  5.  Define  the  word  Acceleration. 

Ans.  The  increase  of  motion ; the  time  period 
of  mutation  in  velocity. 


11 


12 


Automobile 


Ques.  6.  What  is  an  aeetometer? 

Ans.  A graduated  hydrometer  used  to  as- 
certain the  strength  of  acetic  acid. 

Ques.  7.  What  is  an  active  coil,  or  con- 
ductor? 

Ans.  One  that  is  conveying  an  electric  cur- 
rent. 

Ques.  8.  What  are  the  leading  features  of 
the  Adams  motor  car? 

Ans.  The  crank  shaft  is  mounted  vertically, 
and  is  stationary,  the  five  cylinders  revolving 
around  it.  The  drive  from  the  revolving  cylin- 
ders to  the  gear  set  is  through  a bevel  gear  at- 
tached to  the  base  of  the  revolving  crank  case, 
and  which  meshes  with  a bevel  gear  on  one  of 
the  transverse  shafts  of  the  transmission. 

Ques.  9.  What  rule  should  govern  the  diam- 
eter of  admission  pipes  for  explosive  motors  ? 

Ans.  The  internal  diameter  of  the  admission 
should  not  exceed  one-fourth  the  diameter  of  the 
motor  cylinder. 

Ques.  10.  How  may  the  diameter  of  admis- 
sion valve  opening  be  determined? 

Ans.  Multiply  the  bore  of  cylinder  in  inches 
by  the  stroke  in  inches,  and  by  the  number  of 
revolutions  per  minute  and  divide  the  product 
by  15,000. 

Ques.  11.  What  should  be  the  lift  of  a flat 
seated  valve,  relative  to  its  diameter? 

Ans.  The  lift  should  be  one-fourth  the  diam- 
eter of  the  valve. 


Catechism 


13 


Ques.  12.  Does  the  rule  given  in  answer  to 
Ques.  10  for  valve  diameter  apply  to  all  types 
of  valves? 

Ans.  No,  only  to  those  which  are  mechanic- 
ally operated.  For  atmospherically  operated 
valves,  substitute  12,750  instead  of  15,000  for 
the  divisor. 

Ques.  13.  Give  the  composition  of  air. 

Ans.  By  weight,  oxygen  77  parts,  nitrogen 
23  parts.  By  volume,  oxygen  21  parts,  nitrogen 
79  parts. 

Ques.  14.  How  many,  and  what  are  the 
methods  in  use  for  cooling  the  cylinders  of  ex- 
plosive motor  engines? 

Ans.  Two;  the  air  system,  and  the  water 
system. 

Ques.  15.  Describe  the  air  cooling  system. 

Ans.  A rotary  fan  driven  by  the  engine  di- 
rects a constant  current  of  fresh  unheated  air 
upon  the  outside  surface  of  the  cylinders. 

Ques.  16.  What  proportion  of  air  to  gaso- 
line is  required  for  the  best  explosive  mixture? 

Ans.  8,000  volumes  of  air  to  1 volume  of 
liquid  gasoline. 

Ques.  17.  Define  gasoline  considered  as  a 
mechanical  mixture. 

Ans.  It  consists  of  several  hydrocarbon  dis- 
tillates, in  which  the  compound  hexane  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  major  portion. 

Ques.  18.  Give  the  formula  for  hexane. 

Ans.  C8  H14. 


14 


Automobile 


Ques.  19.  What,  then,  would  be  a final  ex- 
pression of  complete  combustion  of  hexane  ? 

Ans.  2 C6  H14  X 19  02  = 12  C02  + 14  H20 
In  which  C = Carbon 

H = Hydrogen 
O = Oxygen 

Ques.  20.  If  V = the  velocity  of  the  car  in 
feet  per  second,  and  A = projected  area  of  the 
front  of  the  car  in  square  feet,  how  may  the 
horse  power  required  to  overcome  the  air  re- 
sistance be  found? 

Ans.  By  use  of  the  following  formula : 

V3  X A 

HP  = 

240,000 

Ques.  21.  How  many  kinds  of  alcohol  are 
there  ? 

Ans.  Two ; methyl,  or  wood  alcohol  C H4  O, 
and  ethyl,  or  grain  alcohol,  C2  H6  O. 

Ques.  22.  Is  wood  alcohol  practicable  as  a 
fuel  for  internal  combustion  engines? 

Ans.  It  is  not,  owing  to  corrosive  action  on 
the  cylinders. 

Ques.  23.  What  is  denatured  alcohol? 

Ans.  Pure  grain  alcohol,  diluted  as  follows : 
To  100  volumes  of  alcohol  are  added  10  volumes 
of  methyl,  and  one-half  of  one  volume  of  ben- 
zine; or  two  volumes  of  methyl,  and  one-half 
volume  of  pyridine  bases. 

Ques.  24.  As  compared  with  gasoline,  is  al- 
cohol a desirable  fuel  for  internal  combustion 
motors? 


Catechism 


15 


Ans.  In  some  respects  it  is ; as,  for  instance, 
the  combustion  is  complete,  the  exhaust  is  prac- 
tically odorless,  and  there  is  far  less  noise.  On 
the  other  hand,  a much  larger  quantity  of  al- 
cohol is  required  in  proportion  to  horse  power 
developed  than  with  gasoline,  and  a much 
greater  degree  of  compression  is  required  with 
alcohol  as  fuel. 

Ques.  25.  What  is  the  ratio  of  air  to  alcohol 
vapor  required  for  complete  combustion? 

Ans.  From  10  to  25  volumes  of  air  to  1 of 
alcohol. 

Ques.  26.  What  is  aluminum? 

Ans.  A soft,  ductile,  malleable  metal,  of  a 
bluish  white  color,  non-corrosive,  T.  S.  about 
one-third  that  of  iron ; the  lightest  of  all  useful 
metals,  except  magnesium. 

Ques.  27.  What  is  aluminoid? 

Ans.  Alloy  composed  of,  by  weight,  60  parts 
aluminum,  30  parts  tin,  and  10  parts  zinc.  T.  S’. 
18,000  lbs.,  suitable  for  crank  chambers,  gear 
cases,  etc.,  being  light,  extremely  ductile,  and 
readily  machined. 

Ques.  28.  What  is  the  function  of  an  am- 
meter? 

Ans.  To  measure  the  volume  of  the  electric 
current  flowing  in  a circuit. 

Ques.  29.  What  is  an  ampere? 

Ans.  The  unit  of  electric  current  flow. 

Ques.  30.  What  is  the  meaning  of  an  am- 
pere-hour ? 

Ans.  In  connection  with  a storage  battery 


16 


Automobile 


an  ampere  hour  denotes  the  capacity  of  the  bat- 
tery for  current,  as  for  instance  a battery  that 
will  keep  a 2 ampere  lamp  burning  for  8 hours 
is  said  to  have  a 16  ampere  hour  capacity. 

Ques.  31.  What  is  an  armature  ? 

Ans.  The  rotating  part  of  a dynamo,  or  elec- 
tric motor.  Two  types  are  in  general  use  with 
automobiles,  viz.,  the  shuttle  type,  and  the  slot- 
ted type  of  armature. 

Ques.  32.  What  is  autogenous  welding? 

Ans.  The  welding,  or  rather  melting  together 
of  metals  by  means  of  the  oxyacetylene  flame, 
the  temperature  of  which  is  6,300  degrees  F. 

Ques.  33.  What  is  an  auto-meter? 

Ans.  An  instrument  for  recording  the  speed 
of  an  automobile  or  other  vehicle  in  miles  per 
hour. 

Ques.  34.  Name  the  various  types  of  auto- 
mobiles. 

Ans.  Gasoline  cars — Runabout,  Touring  Car, 
Light  Car  with  detachable  Tonneau,  Stanhope, 
Roadster.  Electric — Runabout,  Parktrap,  Phae- 
ton, Brougham,  Depot  Bus,  Light  Delivery 
Wagon. 

Ques.  35.  Which  one  of  the  axles  of  an  auto- 
mobile is  ordinarily  used  for  driving  the  ma- 
chine? 

Ans.  The  rear  axle. 

Ques.  36.  What  is  a dead  axle? 

Ans.  An  axle  which  carries  weight  only. 

Ques.  37.  What  is  a live  axle? 


Catechism 


17 


Ans.  An  axle  containing  parts  that  turn  the 
wheels,  in  addition  to  carrying  weight. 

Ques.  38.  What  is  a floating  axle  ? 

Ans.  A special  type  of  live  axle  in  which  the 
shaft  that  turns  the  wheels  is  independent  of 
the  axle  proper. 

B. 

Ques.  39.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  back- 
firing ? 

Ans.  An  explosion  or  impulse  which  forces 
the  fly  wheel  of  a motor  suddenly  backwards, 
that  is  in  the  opposite  direction  to  its  proper 
rotation. 

Ques.  40.  What  causes  back  firing? 

Ans.  Back  firing  may  be  caused  by  (1)  the 
explosion  of  an  accumulation  of  unburned  gases 
in  the  exhaust  muffler,  (2)  a weak  mixture,  (3) 
an  overheated  combustion  chamber,  (4)  advanc- 
ing the  ignition  point  too  far  ahead  when  the 
motor  is  running  slow  under  heavy  load,  (5)  de- 
posits of  carbon  (soot)  in  combustion  chamber, 
which  may  become  incandescent,  causing  pre- 
mature ignition. 

Ques.  41.  How  many  types  of  ball  bearings 
are  in  use  on  automobiles  ? 

Ans.  Three — thrust,  cone,  and  annular. 

Ques.  42.  Why  are  thrust  bearings  so 
called? 

Ans.  Because  they  are  intended  to  sustain 
end  thrust.  For  this  reason  they  require  to  be 
correctly  machined. 


18 


Automobile 


Ques.  43.  Is  the  adjustable  cone  bearing  a 
good  bearing  for  automobiles? 

Ans.  It  usually  gives  excellent  results,  ex- 
cept under  heavy  loads. 

Ques.  44.  Which  type  of  ball  bearing  is  prob- 
ably the  best  for  all  kinds  of  auto  service  ? 

Ans.  The  annular,  consisting  of  three  ele- 
ments, two  races,  and  the  balls. 

Ques.  45.  What  percentage  of  the  balls  are 
under  load  at  any  one  time,  in  the  annular  type  ? 

Ans.  Only  30  per  cent. 

Ques.  46.  Should  ball  bearings  be  lubri- 
cated ? 

Ans.  They  should. 

Ques.  47.  How  is  a dry  battery  usually 
made  up? 

Ans.  A zinc  cell  forms  the  negative  element, 
and  the  electrolyte  is  generally  a jelly-like  com- 
pound containing  sal-ammoniac,  chloride  of 
zinc,  etc.  The  positive  element,  or  carbon,  is 
enclosed  in  a sack  containing  dioxide  of  man- 
ganese and  crushed  coke,  which  are  the  depolar- 
izing agents  of  the  battery. 

Ques.  48.  What  is  a primary  battery? 

Ans.  Any  battery,  either  dry  or  wet,  which 
generates  electric  current  within  itself. 

Ques.  49.  What  type  of  primary  battery 
may  be  used  for  charging  a small  storage  bat- 
tery in  the  absence  of  direct  current  ? 

Ans.  One  of  the  closed  circuit  type,  using 
zinc  and  carbon  electrodes  in  a 20  per  cent  so- 


Catechism 


19 


lution  of  sulphuric  acid  and  water,  with  nitrate 
of  soda  as  the  depolarizing  agent. 

Ques.  50.  What  is  the  voltage  usually  re- 
quired in  an  ignition  system  ? 

Ans.  Usually  6 volts. 

Ques.  51.  How  are  the  batteries  connected? 

Ans.  Either  in  series,  or  multiple. 

Ques.  52.  Describe  the  series-multiple  con- 
nection. 

Ans.  When  two  or  more  sets  of  batteries  con- 
nected in  series  are,  as  sets  joined  in  multiple, 
the  whole  is  in  series-multiple. 

Ques.  53.  Describe  in  general  terms  the  con- 
struction of  the  storage  battery  as  used  in  igni- 
tion service. 

Ans.  It  is  usually  of  the  lead,  lead  type,  the 
electrolyte  being  sulphuric  acid  and  water,  hav- 
ing a specific  gravity  of  1,200.  The  positive  and 
negative  plates  or  elements  are  grids  made  of 
lead  alloy,  stiffened  with  antimony. 

Ques.  54.  Mention  some  of  the  troubles  that 
attend  storage  batteries  in  service. 

Ans.  Hardening  of  negative  elements,  local 
action,  buckling  of  plates,  sulphation,  reversal 
of  negative  elements,  disintegration  of  grids, 
broken  jars,  loss  of  capacity,  short  circuits. 

Ques.  55.  How  is  loss  of  the  electrolyte  by 
evaporation  compensated  for? 

Ans.  By  adding  distilled  water  to  the  cells 
from  time  to  time. 

Ques.  56.  How  is  the  proper  quantity  of  wa- 
ter to  be  added  to  the  cell  determined  ? 


20 


Automobile 


Ans.  By  means  of  an  instrument  called  a 
hydrometer. 

Ques.  57.  Aside  from  ball  bearings,  how  are 
the  other  bearings  of  an  automobile  classified? 

Ans.  In  two  general  classes — hard  and  soft. 

Ques.  58.  Of  what  metals  are  hard  bearings 
composed? 

Ans.  Either  brass  or  bronze. 

Ques.  59.  Give  the  composition  of  soft  bear- 
ings. 

Ans.  They  contain  a large  proportion  of  tin, 
or  lead,  and  a small  percentage  of  copper.  Bab- 
bitt metal,  anti-friction  metal  and  white  metal 
constitute  such  alloys. 

Ques.  60.  How  may  the  brakes  on  auto- 
mobiles be  classified? 

Ans.  Into  three  classes,  as  follows:  Hub  or 
rear  wheel  brakes,  transmission  and  differential 
gear  brakes.  They  are  either  single  or  double 
acting,  foot  or  hand  operated,  and  of  the  band, 
block,  or  expanding  ring  types. 

Ques.  61.  Mention  some  of  the  advantages 
of  the  expanding  brake. 

Ans.  (1)  It  is  less  liable  to  drag  upon  the 
drum,  (2)  it  is  easily  made  double  acting,  (3) 
it  has  more  braking  power  for  a given  pressure, 
(4)  the  friction  surfaces  are  better  protected 
from  mud  and  grit. 

Ques.  62.  Describe  the  action  of  the  differ- 
ential brake. 

Ans.  It  usually  consists  of  two  drums,  one 
of  which  is  fastened  to  each  of  the  large  gears 


Catechism 


21 


of  the  differentials.  The  straps  and  bands  en- 
circling these  drums  are  tightened  by  pedal,  or 
lever,  in  the  usual  manner. 

Ques.  63.  What  is  the  function  of  an  equal- 
izer in  connection  with  an  automobile  brake  ? 

Ans.  It  causes  the  same  pressure  to  be  ap- 
plied to  both  brakes. 

Ques.  64.  What  would  be  the  result  if  this 
pressure  were  not  equally  applied  to  the  brakes? 

Ans.  Side  slip,  or  “ skidding/ 9 

Ques.  65.  Describe  the  sprag  brake  and  its 
use. 

Ans.  A sprag  is  a strong  steel  bar  connected 
at  its  forward  end  to  some  point  of  the  under 
part  of  the  frame,  while  its  rear  end  is  pointed 
and  hangs  suspended  by  a chain,  by  means  of 
which  it  may  be  dropped  to  the  ground  in  case 
of  emergency,  thus  preventing  the  car  from 
running  backwards  down  hills. 

Ques.  66.  Are  there  any  other  forms  of 
sprag  brakes? 

Ans.  Yes ; a ratchet  wheel  and  pawl  may  be 
arranged,  either  on  the  rear  axle,  on  the  differ- 
ential, or  within  the  change-speed  gear  box,  thus 
rendering  backward  motion  of  the  car  impos- 
sible when  the  brake  is  in  action. 

Ques.  67.  How  should  the  sprag  brake  be 
used  when  ascending  dangerous  hills? 

Ans.  It  should  be  set  so  as  to  act  immedi- 
ately in  case  the  car  stops. 

Ques.  68.  Among  the  various  parts  of  an 


22 


Automobile 


automobile  how  should  the  brakes  be  consid- 
ered? 

Ans.  The  brakes  come  next  to  the  motive 
power  in  importance,  and  freedom  from  disaster 
depends  upon  the  brakes  being  kept  in  good 
condition  and  properly  adjusted. 

Ques.  69.  How  may  it  be  known  whether 
they  are  in  good  condition  or  not? 

Ans.  By  frequently  testing  them  while  the 
car  is  in  motion,  by  applying  them  until  the  car 
slows  down  or  stops. 

Ques.  70.  How  should  the  brakes  be  applied 
in  ordinary  service? 

Ans.  Except  in  case  of  emergency,  the  appli- 
cation should  be  gradual,  reducing  the  speed  of 
the  car  without  locking  the  wheels. 

Ques.  71.  In  case  the  wheels  become  locked 
while  descending  a hill  what  is  to  be  done  ? 

Ans.  Release  the  brakes  until  the  wheels 
again  revolve,  then  reapply  gradually. 

Ques.  72.  What  care  should  the  brakes  re- 
ceive ? 

Ans.  They  should  be  examined  at  regular 
intervals.  If  the  lining  is  worn  it  should  be  re- 
placed with  new  lining.  Toggle  joints  and  ad- 
justing nuts  should  be  inspected,  and  any  loose- 
ness taken  up.  The  shoes  of  internal  expanding 
brakes  should  be  renewed  when  worn. 

Ques.  73.  In  case  a chain  should  break  how 
may  the  car  be  driven? 

Ans.  By  the  other  chain,  provided  the  idle 
sprocket  is  secured  from  revolving. 


Catechism 


23 


Ques.  74.  How  may  leakage  of  the  water 
circulating  pump  be  repaired? 

Ans.  If  at  the  ground  joint,  insert  a stiff 
paper  gasket  dipped  in  lubricating  oil.  If  the 
leak  is  around  the  pump  spindle  use  asbestos 
cord,  or  a strand  of  hemp  rope  soaked  in  vase- 
line and  graphite  or  tallow. 

Ques.  75.  Describe  the  proper  method  of 
cranking  an  explosive  motor  to  start  it. 

Ans.  Adjust  the  crank  to  start  against  the 
compression,  then  give  a quick  pull  upward. 
Do  not  attempt  to  turn  the  crank  all  the  way 
around. 

Ques.  76.  If,  at  any  time,  oil  or  grease  can- 
not be  obtained  for  filling  the  differential  cas- 
ing, what  is  to  be  done? 

Ans.  Beeswax  may  be  used  as  a substitute. 

Ques.  77.  Should  the  gasoline  pipe  get 
broken  how  may  it  be  temporarily  repaired? 

Ans.  By  forcing  a short  piece  of  rubber  tub- 
ing over  the  broken  ends.  If  the  hole  is  only 
small,  squeeze  a piece  of  soap  into  it,  and  secure 
it  by  tying  a piece  of  soaped  rag  around  it  with 
a piece  of  twine. 

Ques.  78.  Should  one  of  the  cylinders  miss 
some  of  its  explosions  at  intervals,  how  may  it 
be  located? 

Ans.  Stop  the  machine  and  then  touch  each 
one  of  the  cylinders  with  the  business  end  of 
a match ; those  cylinders  that  have  been  doing 
the  work  will  be  hot  enough  to  ignite  the  match, 
while  the  missing  cylinder  will  not. 


24 


Automobile 


Ques.  79.  How  may  refractory  nuts  be 
loosened? 

Ans.  Hold  a piece  of  red  hot  iron  near  them 
for  a few  minutes.  This  will  expand  the  nuts. 

Ques.  80.  If  a motor  refuses  to  start  readily 
what  may  be  done  to  assist  it  ? 

Ans.  Tie  a small  bunch  of  waste  with  a wire 
close  to  the  air  intake,  and  saturate  it  with  gaso- 
line. 

Ques.  81.  How  may  a broken  rod,  or  link  in 
the  steering  gear  be  temporarily  repaired? 

Ans.  Fasten  a rod  or  a piece  of  gas  pipe 
against  the  link,  winding  the  wire  the  entire 
length  of  the  rod. 

Ques.  82.  How  may  broken  trembler  blades 
be  temporarily  repaired? 

Ans.  By  cutting  corset  steels  to  the  proper 
length,  and  rivet  them  with  the  platinum  but- 
ton from  the  broken  blade  through  the  hole 
which  is  punched  near  the  end  of  the  steel.  A 
piece  of  the  main  spring  of  a clock  also  makes  a 
good  blade. 

Ques.  83.  Enumerate  some  of  the  various 
causes  of  break-downs. 

Ans.  Soot  or  grease  on  the  spark  plug;  de- 
fective insulation  of  the  spark  plug;  points  of 
the  spark  plug  too  far  apart;  contacts  badly 
corroded ; broken  wires ; loose  battery  terminals ; 
leaky  valves ; seized  piston,  or  bearing ; broken 
valve  stem,  or  valve  spring ; batteries  exhausted ; 
defective  packing. 


Catechi&m 


25 


C. 

Ques.  84.  Mention  some  of  the  symptoms  of 
carbon  deposit. 

Ans.  Back-firing,  and  knocking  in  cylin- 
ders, motor  showing  plenty  of  power  at  high 
speeds,  but  deficient  in  hill  climbing. 

Ques.  85.  What  should  be  done  when  these 
symptoms  appear  ? 

Ans.  Take  off  the  cylinder  heads  and  scrape 
off  the  carbon  deposit  from  top  of  pistons  and 
inside  of  cylinders. 

Ques.  86.  What  is  the  function  of  the  car- 
bureter on  an  explosive  motor? 

Ans.  To  correctly  prepare  the  mixture  of 
air  and  gasoline  before  its  admission  to  the 
cylinder. 

Ques.  87.  How  many  types  of  carbureters 
are  there  in  use  ? 

Ans.  Four,  as  follows:  (1)  The  mechanical; 
(2)  mechanical,  with  a gasoline  puddle  in  the 
air  passage;  (3)  the  automatic;  (4)  automatic 
with  a gasoline  puddle  in  the  air  passage. 

Ques.  88.  Describe  in  brief  the  action  of* 
each. 

Ans.  In  type  (1)  the  passages  are  opened 
and  closed  by  mechanism,  the  passages  remain- 
ing the  same  until  changed  by  the  operator. 
In  type  (2)  a basin  filled  with  gasoline  is  lo- 
cated in  the  air  pipe,  which  serves  to  add  a cer- 
tain quantity  of  gasoline  at  all  suctions,  but 
neither  of  these  two  types  are  entirely  satisfac- 


26 


Automobile 


tory  under  the  varying  conditions  of  high  speed, 
slow  speed,  climbing  hills,  or  diminished  suc- 
tion. Type  (3)  takes  a portion  of  its  air 
through  a fixed  opening,  and  a portion  through 
an  auxiliary  opening  which  is  controlled  by  a 
valve  and  coiled  spring.  This  type  gives  better 
service.  In  type  (4)  the  action  of  the  gasoline 
puddle  is  similar  to  that  of  type  (2)  having  the 
same  objectionable  features. 

Ques.  89.  In  what  other  ways  are  carbu- 
reters classified? 

Ans.  According  to  the  principles  of  their 
action;  as  for  instance,  the  surface  carbureter, 
in  which  the  air  is  either  passed  over  the  sur- 
face of  the  volatile  liquid,  or  circulated  around 
a gauze  wicking  or  metallic  surface  saturated 
with  such  liquid.  Second,  the  filtering  carbu- 
reter, in  which  air  is  forced  under  suction 
through  a body  of  the  liquid  from  bottom  to  top, 
thus  absorbing  particles  of  its  substance.  Third, 
the  float  feed  carbureter,  in  which  the  liquid 
hydrocarbon  is  sprayed  or  atomized  through  a 
minute  nozzle  and  mixed  with  a passing  column 
of  air. 

Ques.  90.  What  are  some  of  the  character- 
istics of  the  surface  carbureter? 

Ans.  While  it  is  the  most  economical  form 
still  it  is  very  irregular,  and  erratic  in  its  action, 
requring  constant  attention. 

Ques.  91.  Describe  in  brief  the  construction 
and  action  of  the  float  feed  carbureter. 

Ans.  A small  gasoline  receptacle  contains  a 


Catechism 


27 


hollow  metal,  or  a 'cork  float  arranged  to  con- 
trol the  gasoline  supply  from  the  tank,  or  res- 
ervoir, and  a tube  in  which  is  located  a nozzle  in 
communication  with  the  gasoline  receptacle. 
This  is  the  mixing  chamber.  The  gasoline  level 
is  maintained  about  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch 
below  the  nozzle  opening  in  the  mixing  cham- 
ber. The  gasoline  is  drawn  from  the  jet  in  the 
mixing  chamber  by  the  vacuum  created  by  the 
intake  stroke  of  the  motor  piston,  and  mixes 
with  the  air  supply  to  be  drawn  into  the  cylin- 
der in  the  form  of  an  explosive  mixture. 

Ques.  92.  How  should  carbureters  be  in- 
spected? 

Ans.  The  float  valve  should  be  inspected  for 
leaks  as  follows:  First,  close  the  main  gasoline 
valve,  then  unscrew  the  washout  plug  below  the 
needle  valve  and  remove  any  dirt  or  bits  of 
waste  that  may  have  passed  the  strainer.  An- 
other method  is  to  open  the  top  of  the  float 
chamber  and  take  out  the  float  and  needle  valve, 
then  wash  out  with  gasoline.  If  a light  is  nec- 
essary in  making  this  inspection,  use  an  incan- 
descent electric,  as  there  is  danger  in  using  any 
other. 

Ques.  93.  Describe  the  double  chain  drive. 

Ans.  The  driving  axle  is  solid  and  station- 
ary. To  the  inside  of  the  spokes  of  each  driv- 
ing wheel  is  bolted  a large  sprocket  wheel,  while 
a counter  shaft  divided  at  its  central  portion 
is  carried  by  the  chassis  a short  distance  ahead 
of  the  driving  axle.  The  two  inner  ends  of  this 


28 


Automobile 


counter  shaft  connect  with  the  differential  gear, 
while  the  two  outer  ends  carry  each  a small 
sprocket  wheel  over  which  the  chains  travel. 

Ques.  94.  Describe  the  single  chain  drive. 

Ans.  The  rear  or  driving  axle  revolves,  and 
upon  it  the  large  sprocket  is  secured.  The  small 
sprocket  is  carried  by  the  engine  shaft  which 
also  carries  the  change  speed  gear,  while  the 
differential  gear  is  located  on  the  rear  axle. 

Ques.  95.  How  often  should  the  chains  be 
cleaned  ? 

Ans.  At  least  once  a month. 

Ques.  96.  How  may  this  be  done  effectually? 

Ans.  Remove  the  chains  and  throw  them  into 
a vessel  containing  kerosene,  leaving  them  there 
for  10  or  12  hours,  after  which  wash  with  gaso- 
line. After  the  chains  are  dry,  soak,  or  boil 
them  in  a mixture  of  beef  tallow  and  graphite. 

Ques.  97.  What  is  the  function  of  the 
change  speed  gear? 

Ans.  To  enable  the  chauffeur  to  increase  the 
speed  of  the  engine  without  increasing  the  speed 
of  the  driven  shaft,  or  car  axle. 

Ques.  98.  How  is  this  accomplished  ? 

Ans.  In  some  cases  by  belt,  and  friction 
drives.  In  other  cases  by  sliding  gears,  indi- 
vidual clutch  gears,  and  planetary  gears. 

Ques.  99.  What  is  the  principle  of  the  plan- 
etary gear? 

Ans.  It  consists  of  a high  speed  connection 
for  the  direct  drive,  and  an  arrangement  of 
gears  that  reduces,  or  reverses  the  motion  when 


Catechism 


29 


one  or  another  drum  on  which  these  gears  are 
mounted  is  held  stationary. 

Ques.  100.  What  are  the  basic  principles  of 
friction,  and  belt  and  pulley  change  speed 
drives  ? 

Ans.  The  ratio  of  the  driver  and  the  driven 
is  changed  by  bringing  into  contact  friction 
discs,  or  pulleys  of  varying  diameters. 

Ques.  101.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word 
chassis  ? 

Ans.  Applied  to  automobiles  it  means  the 
frame,  springs,  wheels,  transmission,  in  fact  all 
mechanism  except  the  automobile  body. 

Ques.  101A.  What  is  a circuit  breaker? 

Ans.  A device  which  acts  automatically  to 
break  an  electric  circuit. 

Ques.  102.  What  is  the  function  of  a circu- 
lating water  pump? 

Ans.  It  is  supposed  to  regulate  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  jacket  water,  but  it  fails  to  do  this 
perfectly,  for  the  reason  that  being  driven  di- 
rect from  the  motor,  it  operates  with  a speed 
which  varies  with  the  speed  of  the  motor,  re- 
gardless of  the  speed  of  the  car.  In  other  words 
the  car  may  be  climbing  a hill  at  slow  speed 
while  the  motor  is  working  at  full  charge,  but 
getting  very  little  cooling  effect  from  wind 
pressure,  or,  on  the  other  hand  the  car  may  be 
running  at  high  speed,  with  the  motor  working 
on  a light  charge,  while  the  cooling  effect  of  the 
wind  is  very  great,  and  the  pump  is  also  run- 
ning at  high  speed. 


30 


Automobile 


Ques.  103.  What  type  of  pump  is  ordinarily 
used  on  automobiles? 

Ans.  The  rotary. 

Ques.  104.  How  are  clutches  usually  classi- 
fied? 

Ans.  Cone,  disc,  and  band. 

Ques.  105.  What  is  the  prime  object  of  a 
clutch  ? 

Ans.  To  enable  the  operator  to  start,  and 
stop  the  car  without  having  to  stop  the  motor. 

Ques.  105A.  What  is  the  combustion  cham- 
ber? 

Ans.  That  portion  of  the  motor  in  which 
the  gases  are  compressed,  and  ignited. 

Ques.  106.  What  are  the  requirements  of  a 
combustion  chamber? 

Ans.  The  interior  should  be  as  smooth  as 
possible,  and  kept  free  from  soot  or  carbon  de- 
posits. 

Ques.  107.  What  are  the  functions  of  the 
commutator  of  the  ignition  system  of  a multi- 
cylinder gasoline  motor? 

Ans.  (1)  To  switch  the  battery  current  in 
and  out  of  the  electrical  circuit  at  the  proper 
time;  (2)  to  transfer  the  battery  current  suc- 
cessively from  one  coil  to  another;  (3)  to  vary 
the  point,  or  time  of  ignition. 

Ques.  108.  What  care  should  be  given  the 
commutator? 

Ans.  The  platinum  contacts  should  be 
cleaned  at  least  once  a week  with  fine  sandpaper. 
If  of  the  rotary  wiping  form,  the  brass  or  copper 


Catechism 


31 


segments  should  also  be  cleaned  in  the  same  way. 
All  lock  nuts,  and  adjusting  screws  should  be 
carefully  gone  over  at  the  same  time. 

Ques.  109.  What  is  the  function  of  a com- 
pensating or  flexible  joint? 

Ans.  To  allow  for  the  distortion  of  the  run- 
ning gear,  due  to  rough  roads. 

Ques.  110.  With  gasoline  motors  what  is  the 
allowable  compression  in  lbs.  per  sq.  in.  ? 

Ans.  About  85  lbs. 

Ques.  111.  How  high  may  the  compression 
be  raised  with  the  heavier  fuels,  such  as  kero- 
sene? 

Ans.  250  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

Ques.  112.  How  may  the  compression  in  at- 
mospheres of  a motor  be  calculated? 

Ans.  Divide  the  volume  of  the  piston  dis- 
placement in  cubic  inches  by  the  volume  of  the 
combustion  chamber,  also  in  cubic  inches,  and 
add  one  to  the  result. 

Ques.  113.  What  is  the  function  of  a cur- 
rent condenser  on  an  automobile? 

Ans.  To  absorb  the  static  charge  of  elec- 
tricity caused  by  self-induction  in  the  primary 
coils. 

Ques.  114.  What  is  the  function  of  the  con- 
tact breaker? 

Ans.  To  open  the  electric  circuit  at  the 
proper  time  for  the  passage  of  the  spark  at  the 
points  of  the  spark  plug. 

Ques.  115.  Why  is  cooling  of  the  cylinders 
of  explosive  motors  necessary? 


32 


Automobile 


Ans.  In  order  to  permit  of  proper  lubrica- 
tion, and  also  to  prevent  pre-ignition. 

Ques.  116.  How  many  cooling  systems  are  in 
use? 

Ans.  Two — viz. — air  cooling,  and  liquid  cool- 
ing. 

Ques.  117.  What  should  be  the  temperature 
of  the  cylinders,  for  efficient  work? 

Ans.  As  near  350  degrees  F.  as  possible. 

Ques.  118.  What  liquids  may  be  used  for 
cooling  ? 

Ans.  Alcohol;  a light,  thin  mineral  oil;  or 
water. 

Ques.  119.  What  portion  of  the  cylinder 
wears  fastest? 

Ans.  The  side  against  which  the  piston  is 
forced  by  the  angularity  of  the  connecting  rod. 

O 

Ques.  120.  What  are  Dalton’s  laws  relative 
to  vapor  tension,  and  quantity? 

Ans.  (1)  The  pressure  and  quantity  of  vapor 
that  will  saturate  a given  space  are  the  same 
for  the  same  temperature,  whether  the  space 
contains  a gas,  or  is  a vacuum;  (2)  the  pres- 
sure of  the  mixture  of  a gas  and  a vapor  equals 
the  sum  of  the  pressures  that  each  would  exert 
if  it  occupied  the  same  space  alone. 

Ques.  121.  If  the  cooling  water  contains 
lime  or  alkali,  how  will  it  affect  the  cooling 
spaces? 


Catechism 


33 


Ans.  Scale,  and  solid  substances  will  be  de- 
posited inside  and  prevent  proper  circulation. 

Ques.  122.  How  may  this  scale  be  dissolved? 

Ans.  Dilute  one  part  of  muriatic  acid  with 
nineteen  parts  water,  then  drain  the  jacket  com- 
pletely, and  pour  in  enough  of  the  solution  to 
fill  the  entire  cooling  space.  Allow  the  solu- 
tion to  remain  in  the  jacket  from  8 to  12  hours, 
then  wash  out  by  allowing  clear  water  to  run 
through  it. 

Ques.  123.  How  often  should  this  method  be 
applied  ? 

Ans.  Once  every  two  weeks,  with  hard 
water. 

Ques.  124.  What  is  the  function  of  the  dif- 
ferential gear? 

Ans.  To  allow  one  of  the  driving  wheels  to 
turn  at  a different  speed  from  the  other,  when 
necessary,  as  for  instance,  in  rounding  a sharp 
curve,  the  outer  wheel  must  travel  a much 
farther  distance  in  the  same  length  of  time  than 
does  the  inner  wheel,  and  if  the  two  wheels 
were  turning  the  same  number  of  revolutions, 
one,  or  both  of  them  would  be  forced  to  slip 
were  it  not  for  the  differential  gear  which  at 
such  times  allows  the  inner  wheel  to  turn 
slower. 

Ques.  125.  What  advantage  is  gained  by  the 
use  of  a distributer  with  the  ignition  system? 

Ans.  By  its  use  any  number  of  cylinders  may 
be  sparked  from  a single  coil. 


34 


Automobile 


Ques.  126.  What  precautions  should  be  ob- 
served in  the  operation  of  gasoline  motors  ? 

Ans.  Never  use  a match  or  small  torch  while 
inspecting  the  carbureter.  Do  not  smoke  while 
filling  the  gasoline  tank.  Always  carry  an  ex- 
tra spark  plug  on  the  car.  Do  not  allow  the 
motor  to  race  or  run  fast  when  out  of  gear,  but 
retard  the  ignition,  and  throttle  the  charge 
when  the  car  is  to  be  stopped  for  a few  min- 
utes. Do  not  fill  the  gasoline  tank  entirely  full, 
but  leave  a small  air  space  at  the  top.  If  the 
car  while  running,  makes  an  unusual  noise,  stop 
immediately  and  ascertain  the  cause.  Do  not 
start  or  stop  too  suddenly. 

Ques.  127.  What  is  a good  rule  to  follow 
when  on  the  road  ? 

Ans.  Drive  with  moderate  speed  on  the  level, 
slow  speed  down  hill,  and  Wide  open  throttle 
for  hill  climbing,  or  getting  up  speed  only. 

Ques.  128.  Why  are  not  large  driving  wheels 
more  used? 

Ans.  Because  (1)  the  car  is  less  stable  in 
turning  comers ; (2)  large  wheels  are  much  more 
expensive,  also  more  liable  to  injury  than  are 
wheels  of  smaller  diameter. 

Ques.  129.  What  is  a Dynamometer  ? 

Ans.  A form  of  equalizing  gear  which  is  at- 
tached between  a source  of  power  and  a piece 
of  machinery,  when  it  is  desired  to  ascertain  the 
power  necessary  to  operate  said  machinery  with 
a given  rate  of  speed. 


Catechism 


35 


E. 

Ques.  130.  What  is  meant  by  the  efficiency 
of  an  explosive  motor? 

Ans.  The  relation  between  the  number  of 
heat  units  consumed  by  the  motor,  and  the  num- 
ber of  foot  pounds  of  work  or  energy  given  out 
by  the  motor. 

Ques.  131.  What  proportion  of  the  heat  units 
consumed  by  an  explosive  motor  are  utilized,  or 
given  up  in  actual  work? 

Ans.  About  one-fifth. 

Ques.  132.  How  is  fuel  efficiency  of  explosive 
motors  considered,  relative  to  that  of  weight  ? 

Ans.  At  the  present  time  it  is  of  secondary 
importance. 

Ques.  133.  What  then,  is  considered  to  be 
of  primary  importance  in  the  performance  of  an 
explosive  motor  on  an  automobile? 

Ans.  To  obtain  the  maximum  amount  of 
power  from  a motor  of  minimum  weight. 

Ques.  134.  How  may  the  fuel  efficiency  of  a 
motor  be  increased? 

Ans.  By  a proper  manipulation  of  the  ma- 
chine, and  by  a correct  adjustment  of  the  valve 
mechanism. 

Ques.  135.  What  conditions  affect  motor 
efficiency  ? 

Ans.  The  power  for  weight  efficiency  in- 
creases almost  in  proportion  to  increase  of  speed 
with  high  speed  explosive  motors,  but  the  fuel 
efficiency  decreases  with  an  increase  of  speed 
beyond  certain  limitations. 


36 


Automobile 


Ques.  136.  How  may  electricity  be  gener- 
ated? 

Ans.  In  several  ways,  as  for  instance,  me- 
chanically, chemically,  and  statically  or  by  fric- 
tion. 

Ques.  137.  What  can  be  said  of  the  current 
from  a storage  battery,  and  that  from  a dry 
battery  ? 

Ans.  Current  from  a storage  battery  will 
flow  continuously  until  the  battery  is  exhausted, 
while  current  from  a dry  battery  can  only  be 
used  intermittently,  that  is,  it  must  have  slight 
periods  of  rest. 

Ques.  138.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  cur- 
rent generated  by  the  dynamo,  or  magneto? 

Ans.  It  is  alternating;  reversing  its  direc- 
tion of  flow  rapidly. 

Ques.  139.  How  is  it  changed  into  a direct 
current? 

Ans.  By  means  of  a commutator. 

Ques.  140.  May  any  of  the  forms  of  electric 
current  enumerated  in  the  answer  to  question 
136  be  used  in  the  ignition  system  of  an  explo- 
sive motor? 

Ans.  They  may,  but  the  static  or  frictional 
form  is  not  used  on  account  of  its  erratic  nature. 

Ques.  141.  What  care  should  be  given  the 
electric  plant  of  an  automobile? 

Ans.  Look  it  over  frequently;  replace  worn 
wires  with  new  ones;  clean  out  the  timer  with 
gasoline,  and  lubricate  with  light  oil.  Examine 
the  storage  battery  and  if  brown  deposits  are 


Catechism 


37 


seen  at  bottom  of  cells,  pour  out  the  electrolyte 
into  a glass  bottle,  and  wash  the  cells  out  with 
clear  water.  Clean  the  terminals  of  any  corro- 
sion, and  see  that  air  vents  are  not  clogged. 
Watch  the  accumulator  and  do  not  allow  elec- 
trolyte to  get  below  the  proper  level.  If  the 
storage  battery  is  of  the  type  in  which  the 
electrolyte  is  a jelly-like  emulsion,  see  that  it 
is  kept  moist  on  top  by  adding  a little  water  to 
replace  that  lost  by  evaporation. 

Ques.  142.  How  much  electrical  energy  is 
required  per  candle  power  to  operate  an  electric 
lamp? 

Ans.  A trifle  over  4 volts;  one  16  candle 
power  lamp  requires  about  one-twelfth  of  a 
horse  power. 

Ques.  143.  What  are  the  requirements  of  an 
electric  motor  for  use  in  connection  with  a 
storage  battery,  for  automobile  propulsion? 

Ans.  It  should  be  capable  of  withstanding 
an  overload  of  over  100  per  cent  for  at  least 
thirty  minutes  at  a time,  without  unduly  heat- 
ing. 

Ques.  144.  How  many  types  of  electric  mo- 
tors are  in  general  use? 

Ans.  Three,  viz.,  shunt-wound,  series-wound, 
and  compound  wound. 

Ques.  145.  Which  type  of  motor  is  usually 
in  use  on  electric  automobiles? 

Ans.  The  series-wound,  as  it  gives  the  most 
satisfactory  results. 


38 


Automobile 


Ques.  146.  Describe  in  brief  the  winding  of 
a series  motor. 

Ans.  The  field  magnets  are  wound  with  a 
few  turns  of  very  large  wire.  One  end  of  this 
is  connected  to  one  of  the  commutator  brushes, 
while  the  other  end  of  the  wire,  and  the  other 
brush  terminal  connect  with  the  battery,  or 
other  source  of  current. 

Ques.  147.  Describe  the  winding  of  a shunt 
motor? 

Ans.  The  field  magnets  are  wound  with  a 
great  many  turns  of  very  small  wire,  the  ends 
of  which  connect  directly  with  the  terminals  of 
the  commutator  brushes. 

Ques.  148.  How  are  compound  motors 
wound  ? 

Ans.  They  are  double  wound;  that  is,  with 
both  shunt  and  series  windings. 

Ques.  149.  Describe  briefly  the  construction 
of  the  armature  of  an  electric  motor. 

Ans.  It  is  built  up  of  a number  of  disks  of 
sheet  iron,  separated  by  thin  sheets  of  paper,  or 
by  the  use  of  varnish  between  them  to  prevent 
eddy  currents. 

Ques.  150.  What  work  does  the  commutator 
of  an  electric  motor  perform  ? 

Ans.  It  receives  the  current  from  the  bat- 
tery, or  other  source,  through  the  brushes,  and 
transmits  it  to  the  armature  coils. 

Ques.  151.  What  are  the  essential  features 
of  an  electric  motor? 

Ans.  The  brushes,  the  commutator,  the  arma- 


Catechism 


39 


ture,  the  field  magnets,  and  pole  pieces,  the  lat- 
ter being  an  extension  of  the  magnet  core ; and 
the  magnet  frame,  usually  of  cast  steel. 

Ques.  152.  What  are  some  of  the  troubles 
connected  with  the  operation  of  electric  motors  ? 

Ans.  Open  circuits,  improper  connections, 
and  short  circuits. 

Ques.  153.  Where  may  open  circuits  be 
looked  for? 

Ans.  (1)  At  the  battery  terminals,  which 
may  be  corroded,  or  loose ; (2)  in  the  controller,  a 
connection  may  be  loose,  contact  fingers  not 
making  good  contact,  or  the  removable  plug  may 
be  out;  (3)  at  the  brushes,  one  may  have  fallen 
out,  or  springs  too  weak  to  insure  good  con- 
tact; (4)  the  reversing  switch  may  be  half  way 
over,  leaving  batteries  and  motor  on  open  cir- 
cuit. 

Ques.  154.  If  the  ammeter  indicates  a large 
current,  but  motor  refuses  to  start,  what  is 
the  trouble? 

Ans.  Short  circuit. 

Ques.  155.  How  may  it  generally  be  located  ? 

Ans.  Lift  one  of  the  brushes,  and  if  amper- 
age drops,  or  disappears  altogether,  the  short 
circuit  is  in  one  of  the  field  coils;  or  a broken 
wire  may  be  touching  some  portion  of  the  metal 
of  the  car,  or  an  exposed  part  of  another  wire. 

Ques.  156.  Mention  three  principal  ways  in 
which  the  speed  of  electric  motors  may  be 
varied? 

Ans.  (1)  By  introducing  variable  resistances 


40 


Automobile 


in  the  motor  and  battery  circuit;  (2)  by  vary- 
ing the  voltage  of  the  battery,  using  different 
combinations  of  the  trays;  (3)  by  connecting 
the  field  coils  either  all  in  series,  in  series  par- 
allel, or  all  in  parallel. 

Ques.  157.  What  constitutes  one  electrical 
horse  power? 

Ans.  The  current  (C)  in  amperes  multiplied 
by  the  electro-motive  force  (E)  in  volts,  di- 
vided by  746;  expressed  as  follows: 

EXC 

E.  H.  P.  = 

746 

Ques.  158.  How  many  watts  are  neecssary 
to  deliver  one  mechanical,  or  brake  horse  power 
in  practice? 

Ans.  1,000  watts,  expressed  as  one  kilowatt. 

Ques.  159.  If  the  brake  horse  power  of  an 
electric  motor  be  known,  how  may  the  efficiency 
be  calculated? 

Ans.  By  the  following  formula: 

B.  H.  P.  X 746 

e = 

EXC 

in  which 

e = Efficiency 

B.  H.  P.  = Brake  horse  power 
E — Volts 
C — Amperes, 


Catechism 


41 


Ques.  160.  Define  the  term,  Electro-Motive 
Force  (E.  M.  F.). 

Ans.  It  is  the  manifestation  of  energy  in  an 
electric  current ; as  for  instance,  a current  un- 
der a pressure  of  one  volt  will  force  one  ampere 
through  one  ohm  of  resistance. 

Ques.  161.  What  two  causes  are  responsible 
for  a smoky  exhaust  on  an  explosive  motor? 

Ans.  (1)  Over-lubrication;  (2)  too  rich  a 
mixture. 

Ques.  162.  What  is  the  function  of  an  ex- 
haust muffler? 

Ans.  To  deaden  the  noise  of  the  escaping 
gases. 

Ques.  163.  What  is  liable  to  occur  to  an 
exhaust  muffler  if  it  is  not  cleaned  regularly? 

Ans.  Carbon  deposits  on  the  interior,  which 
will  tend  to  increase  the  back  pressure. 

Ques.  164.  What  will  be  the  result  if  the 
exhaust  valve  is  allowed  to  close  too  early  ? 

Ans.  An  excess  of  burned  gas  will  remain  in 
the  cylinder,  while  if  kept  open  too  long  some 
of  the  burned  gas  will  re-enter  the  cylinder 
during  the  suction  stroke. 

Ques.  165.  Upon  what  six  conditions  does 
the  efficiency  of  the  expansion  in  the  cylinder 
of  an  explosive  motor  depend? 

Ans.  (1)  Initial  volume  of  the  charge;  (2) 
condition  of  the  mixture;  (3)  compression  pres- 
sure; (4)  point  of  ignition;  (5)  piston  speed; 
(6)  losses  due  to  radiation, 


42 


Automobile 


Ques.  166.  How  many,  and  what  types  of 
explosive  motors  are  in  general  use? 

Ans.  Two,  viz.,  two  cycle  and  four  cycle. 

Ques.  167.  "What  is  meant  by  the  term  cycle  ? 

Ans.  The  four  stages  through  which  the 
conditions  in  the  cylinder  must  pass  in  order  to 
develop  one  power  stroke  of  the  piston. 

Ques.  168.  Relative  to  the  revolutions  of  the 
crank,  how  often  does  an  explosive,  or  power 
stroke  occur  in  a two  cycle  engine  ? A four  cycle 
engine  ? 

Ans.  At  every  revolution,  or  every  second 
stroke,  in  a two  cycle  engine,  and  every  alter- 
nate revolution,  or  every  fourth  stroke  of  the 
piston,  in  a four  cycle  engine. 

Ques.  169.  How  many  compression  chambers 
are  required  in  a two  cycle  engine? 

Ans.  Two,  for  the  reason  that  two  cylinders, 
either  side  by  side  or  tandem  are  required,  and 
while  the  charge  is  being  received  in  one,  the 
previous  charge  in  the  other  cylinder  is  being 
compressed  preparatory  to  explosion. 

Ques.  170.  Define  the  stages  of  a single  cyl- 
inder, or  four  cycle  engine? 

Ans.  (1)  Induction;  during  an  out  stroke  of 
the  piston  the  explosive  mixture  is  drawn  into 
the  cylinder  in  proper  proportions;  (2)  com- 
pression; on  the  return  or  in  stroke  the  piston 
compresses  this  mixture  into  the  clearance 
space;  (3)  explosion;  the  compressed  mixture 
is  ignited,  causing  a rapid  rise  in  pressure,  and 
subsequent  expansion  of  products,  causing  an- 


Catechism 


43 


other  out  stroke  of  piston;  (4)  expulsion;  the 
expanded  gases  are  expelled  by  the  returning 
piston. 

Ques.  171.  Define  the  stages  of  a double 
cylinder,  or  two  cycle  engine. 

Ans.  (1)  Cylinder  No.  1,  charge  compressed; 
piston  ready  to  start  on  out  stroke ; cylinder  No. 
2,  charged  with  mixture,  piston  ready  to  start 
on  in  stroke;  (2)  cylinder  No.  1,  charge  ex- 
ploded, piston  completes  power  stroke ; cylinder 
No.  2,  piston  completes  return,  or  compression 
stroke. 


Ques.  172.  What  is  vulcanized  fibre? 

Ans.  Paper  pulp  treated  with  sulphuric 
acid,  washed  and  afterwards  compressed  into 
sheet,  or  rod  form. 

Ques.  173.  Define  the  word  friction. 

Ans.  Resistance  to  motion  of  two  bodies  in 
contact. 

Ques.  174.  What  are  some  of  the  laws  gov- 
erning friction? 

Ans.  (1)  Friction  varies  in  proportion  to 
pressure  on  surfaces;  (2)  it  increases  with 
roughness  of  surfaces;  (3)  friction  of  rest  is 
greater  than  friction  of  motion;  (4)  the  amount 
of  friction  is  independent  of  the  area  of  surfaces 
in  contact  when  pressure  and  speed  remain  con- 
stant; (5)  friction  is  greater  between  soft  bod- 
ies, than  between  hard  bodies. 

Ques.  175.  What  are  the  conditions  attend- 


44 


Automobile 


ing  perfect  lubrication  of  bearings  and  journals? 

Ans.  There  is  a continuous  film  of  lubricant 
running  around  with  the  journal,  and  sliding 
over  a similar  film  adhering  to  the  bearing. 
The  metallic  surfaces  do  not  touch  each  other. 

Ques.  176.  Under  what  conditions  does  the 
friction  drive  for  power  transmission  show  a 
high  efficiency? 

Ans.  Conditions  where  the  load  is  constant 
and  uniform. 

Ques.  177.  Do  these  conditions  exist  with 
automobiles  ? 

Ans.  Not  as  a rule ; but  rather  the  contrary. 

Ques.  178.  Give  the  names,  and  average 
composition  of  the  various  fuels  at  present 
available  for  automobile  use. 

Ans.  C = Carbon,  O = Oxygen,  H = Hy- 
drogen. 

Gasoline,  average  composition,  C = 84,  H = 
16. 

Benzine,  average  composition,  C = 92,  H = 8. 

Alcohol,  average  composition,  C = 32,  H = 8, 
0 = 35. 

Tar  Benzol,  average  composition,  C = 92,  H 

= 8. 

Kerosene,  average  composition,  C ==  85,  H = 
15. 

Motor  spirit,  consisting  of  Naphtha,  Benzo- 
line, Benzine,  average  composition,  C = 85,  H = 
15. 

Methyl  Alcohol,  consisting  of  Wbod  spirit, 


fJatechism 


45 


Naphtha,  average  composition,  C = 38,  H = 12, 
0 = 50. 

Acetylene,  Ethene,  average  composition,  C = 
92,  II  = 8. 

Calorific  value  25,000  B.  t.  u. 

Ques.  179.  Which  type  of  explosive  motor 
uses  the  larger  quantity  of  fuel  per  H.  P.  devel- 
oped? 

Ans.  The  two-cycle  engine. 

Ques.  180.  Give  two  principal  reasons  why 
the  fuel  consumption  of  the  two-cycle  engine  is 
greatest. 

Ans.  First:  Retention  of  a portion  of  the 
exhaust  charge.  Second : More  or  less  loss  of  a 
portion  of  the  fresh  charge. 

G 

Ques.  181.  What  law  governs  the  expan- 
sion of  gases,  with  relation  to  temperature  ? 

Ans.  All  gases  expand  equally  l/490th  part 
of  their  volume  for  each  degree  Fahr.  of  their 
temperature. 

Ques.  182.  What  is  the  main  cause  of  the 
carbon  deposits  on  the  interior  walls  of  the 
cylinders  of  gasoline  motors? 

Ans.  Gasoline,  which  does  not  vaporize  until 
it  comes  in  contact  with  the  hot  cylinder  walls. 

Ques.  183.  How  may  the  vaporization  of  the 
gasoline  be  greatly  accelerated  before  it  reaches 
the  interior  of  the  cylinder? 

Ans.  By  pre-heating  the  mixture  on  its  way 
to  the  combustion  chamber. 

Ques.  184.  Is  it  possible  to  manufacture  a 


46 


Automobile 


homogeneous  gas  for  use  in  a gasoline  engine 
driving  a motor  car  ? 

Ans.  It  may  be  accomplished  by  means  of  a 
gas  producer  carried  on  the  car. 

Ques.  185.  Describe  in  brief  the  construc- 
tion, and  principles  governing  the  action  of  a 
gas  producer  for  automobiles. 

Ans.  It  consists  essentially  of  a copper  tank, 
or  container  located  in  any  convenient  place,  as 
under  the  driver’s  seat ; which  tank  is  filled  with 
sheets  of  wood  pulp  superimposed.  Each  sheet 
is  14-inch  thick,  and  drilled  full  of  holes  14- 
inch  in  diameter.  These  sheets  are  separated 
from  each  other  a slight  distance.  A space  in 
the  tank  is  occupied  by  a coil  of  pipe,  around 
which  the  exhaust  gases  from  the  engine  cir- 
culate, thus  serving  to  heat  the  air  which 
passes  through  the  coil  before  coming  in  con- 
tact with  the  gasoline-saturated  wood-pulp 
sheets. 

Ques.  186.  How  is  this  mixture  of  homoge- 
neous gas  conveyed  to  the  combustion  cham- 
ber? 

Ans.  By  means  of  a valve  designed  for  the 
purpose,  by  which  it  may  be  diluted  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  engine  according  to  road 
condition,  atmospheric  influences,  etc. 

Ques.  187.  Is  there  any  danger  of  an  explo- 
sion of  the  gas  within  the  tank? 

Ans.  There  is  not,  for  the  reason  that  the 
gas  is  not  sufficiently  diluted  with  air  to  render 
it  explosive. 


Catechism 


47 


Ques.  188.  How  are  Gasoline,  Benzine  and 
other  explosive  fuels  obtained? 

Ans.  They  are  distilled  products  of  crude 
petroleum,  the  process  of  distillation  being 
similar  to  that  of  generating  steam  from  water. 

Ques.  189.  How  many  different  kinds  of 
gasoline  explosions  are  there? 

Ans.  Two;  first,  the  real  explosion  occur- 
ring in  the  cylinder  of  a gasoline  motor  when 
heat  and  pressure  are  suddenly  produced  by 
the  combustion  of  the  gasoline  vapor ; and,  sec- 
ond, by  placing  an  enclosed  tank  of  gasoline  over 
a fire,  the  heat  will  increase  the  pressure  in  the 
tank  until  it  explodes,  thus  allowing  the  gaso- 
line to  instantly  vaporize  and  mix  with  the  air, 
and  be  ignited  by  the  flame. 

Ques.  190.  Is  water  a good  extinguisher  of 
a gasoline  fire? 

Ans.  It  is  not.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  worse 
than  useless  at  such  times. 

Ques.  191.  What,  then,  is  the  best  method 
of  extinguishing  a gasoline  fire? 

Ans.  Smother  the  fire  with  fine  earth,  sand 
or  flour,  thrown  on  top  of  the  burning  liquid. 
A dry  powder  which  is  very  good  for  this  pur- 
pose can  be  made  of  common  salt  15  parts,  sal- 
ammoniac  15  parts,  bi-carbonate  of  soda  20 
parts.  Mix  thoroughly  and  pass  through  a 
fine  sieve. 

Ques.  192.  What  should  be  done  in  case  the 
gasoline  takes  fire  at  a small  outlet,  or  leak  in 
a gasoline  tank? 


48 


Automobile 


An s.  Either  blow,  or  pat  the  flame  out. 

Ques.  193.  What  is  the  first  point  to  be  con- 
sidered in  the  design  of  a gasoline  motor? 

Ans.  The  proper  number  of  cylinders. 

Ques.  194.  What  single  advantage  attaches 
to  the  single  cylinder  motor? 

Ans.  Simplicity  and  fewness  of  parts. 

Ques.  195.  What  advantages  pertain  to  mul- 
ti-cylinder explosive  motors? 

Ans.  They  develop  more  power  with  less 
weight,  and  they  reduce  vibrations  and  strains. 

Ques.  196.  What  form  of  motor  will  give 
correct  mechanical  balance,  and  at  the  same 
time  reduce  vibration  to  a considerable  extent? 

Ans.  The  two-cylinder  type,  with  cranks 
opposed,  and  cylinders  in  axial  alignment. 

Ques.  197.  What  is  the  next  best  construc- 
tion so  far  as  regular  impulses,  and  uniform 
strain  on  the  parts  are  concerned? 

Ans.  Three  cylinders,  parallel  and  having 
the  cranks  at  an  angle  of  120  degrees  to  each 
other. 

Ques.  198.  What  types  of  explosive  motor 
combine  the  advantages  of  mechanical  balance, 
and  the  reduction  of  vibration  to  a minimum? 

Ans.  The  four  or  six-cylinder  types. 

Ques.  199.  Mention  a few  other  points  to 
be  considered  in  the  selection  of  an  explosive 
motor. 

Ans.  Arrangement  of  working  parts  so  as  to 
be  readily  accessible;  automatic  lubrication; 
the  best  and  most  simple  method  of  operating 


Catechism 


49 


the  valves ; a reliable  system  of  ignition ; proper 
diameter,  and  weight  of  flywheel;  the  carbu- 
reter should  be  one  requiring  the  least  atten- 
tion; reduction  of  weight  and  simplicity  of 
construction  in  all  parts. 

Ques.  200.  What  is  the  best  design  for  cyl- 
inders ? 

Ans.  The  cylinder  with  its  combustion  and 
valve  chambers  should  be  integral,  having  no 
joints  to  be  closed  by  gaskets. 

Ques.  201.  What  is  a good  average  fuel  con- 
sumption per  horse  power  hour  for  a gasoline 
motor? 

Ans.  About  one  and  two-tenths  pints  of 
gasoline. 

Ques.  202.  What  will  be  the  effect  on  fuel 
consumption  if  the  cylinders  are  kept  too  cold? 

Ans.  The  expansive  force  of  the  gases  is  re- 
duced, and  less  power  is  developed  by  the 
motor. 

Ques.  203.  What  is  the  object  of  cooling  the 
cylinders  ? 

Ans.  To  prevent  the  lubricating  oil  from 
burning  up. 

Ques.  204.  What  is  a good  rule  for  guid- 
ance in  the  matter  of  cooling  motor  cylinders? 

Ans.  The  hotter  the  cylinder  with  effective 
lubrication,  the  more  power  will  the  motor 
develop. 

Ques.  205.  What  rule  should  be  observed 
when  changing  gear  on  the  road? 

Ans.  The  motor  and  the  car  should  be  mov 


50 


Automobile 


in g at  nearly  corresponding  rates  of  speed  be- 
fore engaging  the  clutch. 

Ques.  206.  What  rule  should  govern  in 
climbing  a hill? 

Ans.  The  hill  should  be  ascended  as  far  as 
possible  on  high  gear,  and  the  change  to  lower 
gear  be  made  as  soon  as  the  motor  begins  to 
labor  hard. 

Ques.  207.  What  method  should  be  pursued 
in  caring  for  the  gear  case  and  rear  live  axle 
casing? 

Ans.  They  should  be  periodically  emptied  of 
oil,  and  accumulated  metal  grit,  then  thoroughly 
washed  out  with  kerosene,  and  filled  with  fresh 
oil. 

Ques.  208.  What  is  implied  in  the  term  gen- 
erator as  used  in  connection  with  automobiles? 

Ans.  Any  form  of  chemical,  or  mechanical 
device  which  is  used  to  produce  a current  of 
electricity.  The  term  also  applies  to  the  ap- 
paratus for  generating  acetylene  gas  for  use 
in  the  lamps. 

Ques.  209.  Name  the  two  forms  of  mechan- 
isms used  for  ignition  purposes? 

Ans.  First:  the  dynamo,  which  is  self-excit- 
ing by  means  of  coils  of  wire  wound  upon  mag- 
net limbs.  Second:  the  magneto,  having  per- 
manent magnets  instead  of  coils,  to  induce  the 
current  in  the  armature. 

Ques.  210.  Which  type  is  most  generally 
used  on  automobiles? 


Catechism 


51 


Ans.  The  magneto,  owing  to  simplicity  of 
construction  and  low  first  cost. 

Ques.  211.  Describe  the  principles  of  the 
magneto. 

Ans.  It  consists  of  two  or  more  horseshoe 
magnets,  the  ends  of  which  embrace  the  pole 
pieces  between  which  rotates  a shuttle  arma- 
ture wound  with  small  insulated  copper  wire. 
Rotation  of  this  armature  disturbs  the  lines  of 
magnetic  force,  which  in  turn  sets  up  induced 
currents  in  the  armature. 

Ques.  212.  What  kind  of  electric  current  is 
thus  produced? 

Ans.  Alternating;  but  it  is  converted  into 
direct  current  by  means  of  the  commutator  on 
the  armature  shaft. 

Ques.  213.  What  is  the  function  of  the  gov- 
ernor, as  applied  to  explosive  motors? 

Ans.  To  control  the  speed,  which  may  be 
done  in  three  ways,  as  follows:  throttling  the 
supply  of  mixture ; retarding  ignition ; prevent- 
ing the  exhaust  valve  from  opening. 

Ques.  214.  May  graphite  be  used  as  a lubri- 
cant for  cylinders  of  explosive  motors? 

Ans.  Only  to  a limited  extent. 

H 

Ques.  215.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  heat 
value  of  fuels? 

Ans.  The  quantity  of  heat  generated,  or  that 
may  be  generated  by  the  complete  combustion 
of  the  fuel. 


52 


Automobile 


Ques.  216.  In  what  three  ways  may  loss  of 
heat  result? 

Ans.  By  convection;  by  conduction  and  by 
radiation. 

Ques.  217.  Which  one  of  these  three  is  the 
principal  factor  in  heat  loss  in  explosive  mo- 
tors? 

Ans.  Convection;  owing  to  the  violent  mo- 
tion of  the  ignited  gas. 

Ques.  218.  Give  the  formula  for  ascertain- 
ing the  horse  power  of  an  explosive  motor. 

Ans.  First  ascertain  the  number  of  power 
strokes  per  minute,  then 

PLAN 

H.  P.  = in  which 

33000 

H.  P.  = Horse  power. 

P = Mean  effective  pressure. 

L = Length  of  stroke  in  feet. 

A = Area  of  piston  in  sq.  in. 

N = Number  of  power  strokes  per  minute. 

Ques.  219.  v What  is  the  best  construction  for 
hubs,  and  wheels  of  automobiles? 

Ans.  Ball  and  roller  bearings,  the  hubs  to 
be  accurately  machined  from  steel  castings  or 
die  forgings. 

I 

Ques.  220.  What  two  objects  must  be  at- 
tained in  order  to  gain  the  highest  efficiency  in 
operating  an  explosive  motor? 


Catechism 


53 


Ans.  First,  a correct  mixture  of  gasoline  and 
air;  and  second,  ignition  of  this  mixture  at  the 
proper  time. 

Ques.  221.  What  form  of  ignition  is  the 
most  practical  for  automobile  service? 

Ans.  Electric,  either  by  the  primary  method 
or  the  secondary  method. 

Ques.  222.  How  are  these  methods  otherwise 
designated  ? 

Ans.  Low  tension,  and  high  tension. 

Ques.  223.  In  common  parlance  what  addi- 
tional names  are  given  to  these  two  systems  ? 

Ans.  Low  tension  is  termed,  the  make  and 
break  system,  while  high  tension  is  called  the 
jump  spark  system  of  ignition. 

Ques.  224.  What  is  the  basic  principle  of  in- 
duction in  electrical  action? 

Ans.  If  a certain  body  has  electrical  or  mag- 
netic properties,  it  will  call  forth  or  produce 
similar  properties  in  a neighboring  body  with- 
out direct  contact. 

Ques.  225.  What  is  the  nature  of  an  elec- 
trical current  that  is  produced  by  an  induction 
coil? 

Ans.  It  has  a high  electro  motive  force  or 
voltage. 

Ques.  226.  When  should  the  ignition  always 
be  retarded? 

Ans.  Just  before  the  car  is  started. 

Ques.  227.  When  should  the  ignition  be  ad- 
vanced ? 


54 


Automobile 


Ans.  After  the  motor  has  attained  a fair 
rate  of  speed. 

Ques.  228.  What  is  a good  rule  to  remem- 
ber regarding  the  handling  of  the  ignition? 

Ans.  Greater  motor  speed  requires  an  early 
ignition,  but  greater  power  calls  for  late,  or  re- 
tarded ignition. 

Ques.  229.  Describe  some  of  the  main 
troubles  that  occur  with  ignition  systems? 

Ans.  Loose  contact  screws ; vibrator  im- 
properly adjusted ; faulty  insulation  of  wiring ; 
corroded  battery  terminals. 

Ques.  230.  What  is  the  function  of  an  In- 
dicator ? 

Ans.  By  means  of  the  indicator  it  is  possible 
to  obtain  a card  or  diagram  showing  the  action 
of  the  exploded  gas  upon  the  piston  within  the 
cylinder. 

Ques.  231.  Of  what  use  are  such  diagrams? 

Ans.  They  show  whether  the  ignition  occurs 
at  the  proper  moment ; also  if  release  or  exhaust 
is  properly  timed.  The  horse  power  developed 
by  the  motor  may  also  be  computed  from  an  in- 
dicator diagram. 

Ques.  231a.  Define  the  meaning  of  inertia? 

Ans.  That  property  of  a body  by  which  it 
tends  to  continue  in  the  state  of  rest,  or  mo- 
tion in  which  it  may  be  placed,  until  acted  upon 
by  some  other  force. 

Ques.  231b.  What  are  some  of  the  prelimi- 
naries to  be  observed  before  starting  a car? 

Ans.  Retard  the  spark  as  far  as  possible. 


Catechism 


55 


Open  main  gasoline  valve  at  tank.  Set  throttle 
about  one  quarter  open.  Close  switch  and  in- 
sert safety  plug.  Turn  on  oil  feed  in  lubricating 
system.  Open  compression  relief  cocks  if  there 
are  any.  Prime  carbureter  by  depressing  the 
float  or  otherwise.  Engage  starting  crank, 
and  pull  upwards  smartly  against  the  com- 
pression. The  motor  should  then  start;  but  if 
it  does  not,  turn  the  crank  until  the  next  com- 
pression stroke,  and  again  pull  up  smartly. 

J 

Ques.  232.  What  disadvantage  attends 
water-jackets  that  are  cast  integral  with  the 
cylinders  ? 

Ans.  They  are  hard  to  clean  when  scale  de- 
posits accumulate  in  them. 

Ques.  233.  What  other  form  of  water-jacket 
is  in  use  on  small  engines  ? 

Ans.  Jackets  made  of  heavy  sheet  copper, 
which  may  be  removed  when  they  need  clean- 
ing. 

Ques.  234.  What  should  be  the  ratio  of  the 
water-jacket  space  around  the  cylinder,  to  the 
bore  of  the  cylinder? 

Ans.  Not  less  that  one  eighth  of  the  bore, 
and  the  space  surrounding  the  head  combustion 
chamber  should  be  not  less  than  one  sixth  of 
the  cylinder  bore. 

Ques.  235.  At  what  temperature  should  the 
jacket  water  be  kept  in  order  to  attain  the 
greatest  degree  of  fuel  economy? 


56 


Automobile 


Ans.  Slightly  below  the  boiling  point  (212° ) . 

Ques.  236.  What  is  the  function  of  a uni- 
versal joint? 

Ans.  A universal  joint  is  used  on  some  types 
of  automobiles  in  order  to  allow  the  rear  wheels, 
and  axle  to  accommodate  themselves  to  the  in- 
equalities of  the  road  surface. 

K 

Ques.  237.  Is  kerosene  available  as  a fuel 
for  explosive  motors? 

Ans.  It  is  to  some  extent. 

Ques.  238.  What  is  the  specific  gravity  of 
kerosene  ? 

Ans.  It  varies  from  0.78  to  0.82,  and  it  has 
a vapor  flashing  point  at  120°  to  125°  F. 

Ques.  239.  What  is  the  ignition  point  of 
kerosene  ? 

Ans.  135°  F;  and  it  boils  at  400°  F. 

Ques.  240.  What  volume  of  air  is  required 
for  the  combustion  of  one  cubic  foot  of  the 
vapor  of  kerosene? 

Ans.  76  cubic  feet  of  air  to  1 cu.  ft.  of  vapor. 

Ques.  241.  What  is  the  heat  value  of  one 
pound  of  kerosene? 

Ans.  22,000  heat  units. 

Ques.  242.  To  what  other  uses  may  kerosene 
be  put  in  connection  with  automobile  operation  ? 

Ans.  It  is  a good  cleansing  agent.  If  in- 
jected into  the  motor  cylinders  and  allowed  to 
remain  over  night  it  will  remove  all  deposits 
from  the  piston  heads  and  cylinder  walls. 


Catechism 


57 


Ques.  243.  If  a knocking  or  pounding  is 
heard  in  the  motor  while  running  what  does  it 
indicate  ? 

Ans.  It  is  an  indication  that  something  is 
wrong  with  the  machine. 

Ques.  244.  What  kind  of  a sound  is  pro- 
duced by  premature  ignition  ? 

Ans.  A deep,  heavy  pound. 

Ques.  245.  Mention  some  other  causes  of 
knocking  and  pounding  ? 

Ans.  Badly  worn,  or  broken  piston  rings. 
Improper  valve  seating.  A badly  worn  piston. 
Piston  striking  a projecting  point  in  the  com- 
bustion chamber.  A loose  wrist  pin.  A loose 
journal  box  cap,  or  lock  nut.  A broken  spoke, 
or  web  in  the  fly-wheel.  Fly-wheel  loose  on  its 
shaft.  Explosions  during  the  exhaust,  or  the 
admission  stroke,  due  to  mis-fire.  Ignition  un- 
duly advanced.  Crank  pin  may  not  be  at  right 
angles  to  the  connecting  rod.  The  chain  may 
be  loose,  and  jump  one  of  the  sprocket  teeth. 
Bearings  at  either  end  of  connecting  rod  may 
be  too  loose. 

Ques.  246.  Where  are  knuckle  joints  used? 

Ans.  For  connections  in  Steering  Mechan- 
ism. 

L 

Ques.  247.  What  care  should  be  given  the 
acetylene  lamps  of  an  automobile? 

Ans.  Wires  should  be  passed  through  the 
gas,  and  air  aperatures  at  intervals  in  order  to 


58 


Automobile 


keep  them  clear.  The  burners  should  be  un- 
screwed occasionally  and  blown  through,  and 
the  interior  of  the  burner  body  be  scraped 
clean  of  deposit.  The  lenses  also  should  be  kept 
brightly  polished. 

Ques.  248.  What  is  a good  solution  for  clean- 
ing the  lens  Mirrors  ? 

Ans.  Equal  parts  of  alcohol  and  water.  De- 
natured alcohol  is  good  for  the  purpose  also. 

Ques.  249.  What  should  be  done  with  the 
condenser  when  used  in  connection  with  the 
lighting  system? 

Ans.  It  should  be  located  close  to  the  lamps 
where  it  will  catch  all  the  condensation  from 
the  gas  passing  to  the  burners.  It  should  be 
emptied  at  intervals,  and  all  mud  and  other 
sediment  cleaned  out. 

Ques.  250.  Mention  two  defects  that  are 
liable  to  cause  serious  leakage  of  current  ? 

Ans.  Moisture  in  the  mica  insulation  of  the 
electrode ; second,  a bridge  of  carbon.  Remedy : 
dry  out  insulation  thoroughly,  and  clean  lower 
end  with  a brush,  and  a little  gasoline. 

Ques.  251.  What  is  a common  cause  of  leak- 
age of  gasoline? 

Ans.  A very  small  hole  in  the  float  of  the 
carbureter  will  cause  it  to  flood. 

Ques.  252.  How  may  it  be  found? 

Ans.  By  putting  the  float  into  boiling  water, 
and  watching  for  bubbles. 

Ques.  253.  How  may  leaky  joints  in  gaso- 
line, or  water  pipes  be  made  tight  temporarily? 


Catechism 


59 


Ans.  By  means  of  coarse  linen,  or  canvas 
covered  with  a paste  of  litharge  and  glycerine, 
which  in  turn  should  be  covered  with  adhesive 
tape. 

Ques.  254.  Mention  a few  peculiar  places  in 
which  loose  connections  are  liable  to  occur  in  the 
ignition  system? 

Ans.  A platinum  tip  may  get  free  from  its 
carrying  screw;  a lead  lug  may  break  inside  a 
storage  battery  cell;  a copper  wire  may  break 
inside  its  unbroken  cover. 

Ques.  255.  What  is  absolutely  essential  to 
ensure  easy  running,  and  the  reduction  of  fric- 
tion to  a minimum? 

Ans.  To  see  that  all  rubbing  surfaces  are 
supplied  with  a sufficient  quantity  of  the  kind 
of  lubricating  oil  adapted  to  the  conditions. 

Ques.  256.  What  qualities  should  the  oil 
used  in  motor  cylinders  possess  ? 

Ans.  It  should  have  a flashing  point  of  not 
less  than  500°  F,  and  a fire  test  of  at  least  600° 
F,  together  with  a specific  gravity  of  25.8. 

Ques.  257.  Is  graphite  a good  lubricant  to 
use  on  automobiles? 

Ans.  It  is  mainly  useful  for  plain  bearings, 
and  chains.  It  may  also  be  used  to  advantage  in 
the  cylinders,  if  fed  in  small  quantities,  and  uni- 
formly. 

Ques.  258.  What  is  the  chief  danger  occur- 
ring from  the  use  of  graphite  in  the  cylinders  ? 

Ans.  Clogging  the  valves. 


60 


Automobile 


Ques.  259.  Describe  the  operation  of  the 
splash  system  of  lubrication  ? 

Ans.  The  oil  flows  by  gravity  from  a tank 
into  the  crank  case  which  is  air  tight.  From 
there  it  is  splashed  over  the  piston,  and  bear- 
ings. 

Ques.  260.  How  often  should  this  oil  be  re- 
newed ? 

Ans.  Every  100  miles  run  on  small  motors, 
and  every  75  miles  on  large  ones. 

Ques.  261.  Describe  the  force  feed  system  of 
lubrication  ? 

Ans.  The  oil  is  forced  by  a power  driven  oil 
pump  through  adjustable  conduits  to  the  vari- 
ous bearings,  in  such  quantities  as  are  needed. 

Ques.  262.  How  does  the  weather  affect  the 
lubrication  of  a motor? 

Ans.  In  cold  weather  the  oil  will  thicken  up, 
thus  requiring  a different  adjustment  of  lubri- 
cators from  that  found  suitable  in  warm 
weather. 

Ques.  263.  What  precautions  should  be  ob- 
served regarding  oil  pipes  and  conduits? 

Ans.  They  should  be  kept  thoroughly  clear 
and  free  from  deposits,  in  order  that  the  oil  may 
have  an  unobstructed  passage. 

Ques.  264.  How  are  the  differential,  and 
change  speed  gears  lubricated? 

Ans.  Gear  boxes  should  be  kept  a little  less 
than  half  full  of  oil,  which  should  be  changed 
at  periodic  intervals,  and  the  gears  cleaned. 


Catechism 


61 


Ques.  265.  What  attention  should  be  given 
the  wheels,  in  the  way  of  lubrication  ? 

Ans.  They  should  be  cleaned,  and  packed 
with  grease  once  or  twice  a season. 

Ques.  266.  How  are  the  latest  designs  lubri- 
cated ? 

Ans.  Through  the  shaft  or  axle  from  the 
gear  box. 

Ques.  267.  On  shaft  driven  cars  when  the 
shaft  runs  through  a sleeve,  what  is  required  ? 

Ans.  The  shaft  requires  to  be  daily  lubri- 
cated. 

M 

Ques.  268.  When  it  becomes  necessary  to  re- 
move a Magneto  for  repairs,  what  should  be 
done? 

Ans.  See  that  all  separable  parts  are  prop- 
erly marked,  in  order  to  facilitate  re-assem- 
bling. 

Ques.  269.  What  two  important  elements 
are  to  be  considered  in  tlie  design  of  a mani- 
fold? 

Ans.  First,  length,  which  in  a single  cyl- 
inder motor  should  be  four  times  the  stroke; 
Second,  Area,  which  should  equal  one-quarter 
the  area  of  the  piston. 

Ques.  270.  What  other  important  point  is 
to  be  considered  in  designing  a manifold  for  a 
Multi-cylinder  Motor? 

Ans.  The  delivery  of  an  equal  weight  of  the 
mixture  to  each  of  the  cylinders. 


62 


Automobile 


Ques.  271.  Describe  the  action  of  a two  port 
motor  ? 

Ans.  The  first  stroke  of  the  piston  produces 
a vacuum  in  the  crank  case,  and  the  mixture 
rushes  in  through  the  check  valve  in  motor 
case.  The  second  stroke  compresses  the  mix- 
ture, and  when  the  inlet  port  is  uncovered  the 
mixture  surges  into  the  cylinder.  The  third 
stroke  compresses  the  mixture  entrapped  in  the 
cylinder,  as  both  ports  are  then  covered  by  the 
piston,  and  at  the  proper  moment  the  mixture  is 
ignited. 

N 

Ques.  272.  Describe  the  construction  of  a 
needle  valve  ? 

Ans.  It  has  a cone  point,  and  a very  fine 
thread  on  the  stem. 

Ques.  273.  Describe  the  composition  of  a 
non-freezing  solution  for  use  in  cooling  radi- 
ators in  cold  weather? 

Ans.  To  15  lbs.  chloride  of  calcium  add  1 
gallon  of  water.  After  the  solution  has  be- 
come saturated  add  2 to  3 gals,  more  of  water; 
and  a little  lime  to  neutralize  acidity.  This 
solution  freezes  at  15°  below  zero,  F. 

Ques.  274.  What  will  be  the  result  if  the 
water  freezes  in  the  water-jackets? 

Ans.  The  jackets  will  burst  unless  they  are 
made  of  copper. 

Ques.  275.  If  the  car  is  to  be  kept  in  a cold 
building  when  not  in  use,  what  should  be  done? 


Catechism 


63 


Ans.  The  water  should  be  completely  drawn 
off  from  the  jackets. 

Ques.  276.  When  the  car  is  to  left  standing 
outside  for  an  hour  or  so  in  cold  weather,  what 
should  be  done? 

Ans.  The  motor  and  radiator  may  be  covered 
with  cloths  or  laprobes,  thus  retaining  a por- 
tion of  the  heat. 

Ques  277.  How  is  gasoline  affected  by  cold? 

Ans.  It  does  not  vaporize  so  readily,  and  it 
is  necessary  to  supply  extra  heat  to  the  carbu- 
reter. 

Ques.  278.  Should  fire  ever  be  used  directly 
for  warming  the  carbureter,  or  other  parts  of 
the  motor? 

Ans.  It  should  not.  Hot  water  may  be  used 
provided  none  is  allowed  to  get  into  the  gaso- 
line tank.  Another  method  is  to  wring  cloths 
out  of  hot  water  and  apply  them. 

0 

Ques.  279.  Can  oil  be  used  as  a cooling 
medium  for  explosive  motors? 

Ans.  It  can  be  used  most  effectively  in  the 
summer  time,  as  it  is  then  more  easily  cir- 
culated through  the  radiator. 

Ques.  280.  What  kind  of  oil  is  used  for  this 
purpose  ? 

Ans.  Any  common  grade  of  machine  oil. 

Ques.  281.  What  is  meant  by  an  offset  crank 
shaft  ? 

Ans.  A crank  shaft,  whose  center  is  not  ex- 


64 


Automobile 


actly  in  line  with  the  centers  of  the  cylinders, 
but  is  set  slightly  to  one  side. 

Ques.  282.  What  is  the  object  sought  in  this 
type  of  construction? 

Ans.  To  have  the  connecting  rod  in  the  exact 
vertical  position  when  maximum  compression, 
ignition,  and  pressure  occur. 

Ques.  283.  What  advantage  is  gained 
thereby  ? 

Ans.  It  is  claimed  that  the  force  of  the  ex- 
plosion will  then  come  on  the  connecting  rod 
endwise,  and  the  piston  will  not  be  unduly 
pressed  against  the  cylinder  walls. 

Ques.  284.  In  timing  the  valves  of  an  off- 
set crank  shaft  engine  what  additional  factor 
must  be  taken  into  account? 

Ans.  The  inclination  of  the  axis  of  the  con- 
necting rod. 

Ques.  285.  Describe  the  action  of  the  two 
cylinder  opposed  motor  when  in  operation? 

Ans.  During  one-half  revolution  of  the 
crank  shaft,  one  cylinder  is  compressing  while 
the  other  is  exhausting.  During  the  next  half 
revolution,  the  first  cylinder  will  be  firing,  and 
the  second  will  be  drawing  in  its  charge.  Dur- 
ing the  next  half  turn,  the  first  cylinder  will 
be  exhausting,  and  the  second  compressing,  and 
during  the  next  half  turn,  the  first  cylinder  will 
draw  its  charge,  while  the  second  is  firing,  thus 
giving  a power  impulse  in  every  revolution  of 
the  crank  shaft. 


Catechism 


65 


Ques.  286.  What  is  the  main  cause  of  over- 
heating of  cylinders  of  explosive  motors? 

Ans.  Too  much  gasoline ; too  rich  a mixture. 

Ques.  287.  Mention  some  other  causes  of 
overheating  ? 

Ans.  Insufficient  cylinder  lubrication.  Wear 
of  cams,  tappets  and  valve  stems.  Deposit  of 
a thin  film  of  scale  inside  the  circulating  pipe, 
and  radiator. 

Ques.  288.  What  is  the  immediate  effect  of 
overheating  ? 

Ans.  To  burn  up  the  oil  in  the  cylinders  and 
crank  case.  The  motor  will  begin  to  pound,  and 
the  cooling  water  to  steam. 

Ques.  289.  What  other  serious  result  usually 
follows  overheatings? 

Ans.  The  motor  will  gradually  slow  down 
and  finally  stop,  with  the  lubricating  oil  burnt 
up,  and  the  pistons  expanded  and  gripping  the 
cylinders. 

Ques.  290.  What  should  be  done  when 
symptoms  of  overheating  manifest  themselves? 

Ans.  The  motor  should  be  stopped  at  once, 
and  kerosene  freely  injected  into  the  cylinders, 
while  the  engine  is  turned  by  hand  to  free  the 
piston  rings.  Then  allow  the  parts  to  cool. 

Ques.  291.  Should  cold  water  be  poured  over 
the  outside  of  the  cylinder  jackets  to  cool  them? 

Ans.  No,  because  there  is  danger  of  crack- 
ing them  by  so  doing. 

Ques.  292.  Give  a simple  method  of  testing 
for  an  overheated  motor? 


66 


Automobile 


Ans.  Let  a few  drops  of  water  fall  on  the 
head  of  the  cylinder.  If  it  sizzles  for  a few 
moments  the  overheating'  is  not  bad,  but  if 
the  water  at  once  turns  into  steam  the  case  is 
serious. 

Ques.  293.  What  else  may  be  done  to  cool 
the  motor? 

Ans.  Detach  the  spark  plugs,  and  turn  the 
starting  crank  slowly.  This  will  draw  cold 
air  into  the  cylinders  and  thus  cool  them  in- 
side. 

P 

Ques.  294.  Describe  in  brief  the  various 
kinds  of  packing  used  on  explosive  motors  ? 

Ans.  Asbestos,  made  in  the  form  of  sheets, 
also  in  the  form  of  woven  cloth,  and  as  string 
or  rope.  Rubber,  in  sheets  either  plain,  or  with 
alternate  layers  of  canvas  and  rubber.  Rub- 
berbestos,  and  vulcabestos,  made  of  rubber  im- 
pregnated with  rubber  and  afterwards  vul- 
canized. 

Ques.  295.  Is  paper  a safe  material  to  use 
for  shims,  of  any  sort  ? 

Ans.  It  is  not,  as  it  is  not  reliable  where 
pressures  are  high,  and  intermittent.  If  used 
at  all  it  should  be  saturated  with  shellac,  and 
squeezed  in  place  before  the  shellac  dries. 

Ques.  296.  Give  a list  of  extra  parts  that 
should  be  carried  on  a car? 

Ans.  Bolts  and  nuts;  chain  links;  dry  bat- 
tery cells;  extra  valves;  inner  tube;  insulated 


Catechism 


67 


wire;  packing;  spark  plugs;  split  pins;  sticky 
tape;  valve  springs;  washers. 

Ques.  297.  Is  there  any  advantage  gained 
by  mixing  picric  acid  with  gasoline  for  use  in 
explosive  motors? 

Ans.  An  increase  of  20  per  cent  in  motor 
efficiency  is  claimed  for  the  picric-gasoline  mix- 
ture. 

Ques.  298.  Describe  the  construction  of 
a piston  used  in  a gasoline  engine  ? 

Ans.  It  is  of  the  single  acting,  or  trunk 
type,  made  of  cast  iron,  and  turned  to  a good 
working  fit  in  the  cylinder.  Near  the  upper 
end  three  or  four  grooves  are  cut  entirely 
around  its  outer  circumference;  and  in  these 
grooves  the  packing  rings  are  sprung. 

Ques.  299.  What  is  meant  by  piston  dis- 
placement ? 

Ans.  The  volume  swept  out  by  the  piston. 
It  equals  area  of  piston  multiplied  by  length 
of  stroke. 

Ques.  300.  What  rule  should  govern  the 
length  of  a piston  when  designing  one? 

Ans.  For  vertical  cylinder,  piston  length 
should  not  be  less  than  its  diameter;  for  hori- 
zontal cylinder,  piston  length  should  be  never 
less  than  one  and  one-third  diameters. 

Ques.  301.  What  law  governs  the  velocity 
or  speed  of  the  piston  in  an  explosive  motor  ? 

Ans.  The  velocity  of  the  piston  must  be  con- 
siderably less  than  the  rate  of  combustion  of 


68 


Automobile 


the  explosive  mixture,  in  order  that  the  motor 
may  develop  power. 

Ques.  302.  What  is  the  estimated  maximum 
speed  limit,  or  piston  velocity? 

Ans.  Between  14  and  16  feet  per  second. 

Ques.  303.  What  is  the  best  material  for 
the  contact  points  of  the  vibrator  of  an  induc- 
tion coil? 

Ans.  Platinum. 

Ques.  304.  How  may  the  polarity  of  elec- 
tric terminals  be  ascertained? 

Ans.  Place  the  ends  of  the  wires  on  opposite 
ends  of  a piece  of  moistened  litmus  paper.  The 
negative  pole  will  turn  the  paper  red. 

Ques.  305.  Is  porcelain  a good  material  for 
insulation  purposes? 

Ans.  It  has  higher  insulative  properties  than 
lava,  or  mica,  but  it  is  more  liable  to  break 
from  too  sudden  change  of  temperature. 

Ques.  306.  What  is  the  most  obvious  cause 
of  pounding  in  an  explosive  motor  ? 

Ans.  The  spark,  or  ignition  too  far  ad- 
vanced. 

Ques.  307.  Name  some  of  the  principal 
causes  of  preignition  ? 

Ans.  High  compression;  carbon  or  dirt  on 
the  piston  head;  sharp  corners,  and  projections 
on  inside  of  combustion  chamber  for  soot  or 
carbon  to  accumulate  on. 

Ques.  308.  What  is  the  best  lubricant  for  a 
pump? 

Ans,  Grease.  and  it  should  be  stiff  enough  to 


Catechism 


69 


prevent  its  being  washed  away  by  the  water, 
and  carried  into  the  radiator. 

Ques.  309.  What  law  governs  the  action  of 
a centrifugal  pump? 

Ans.  The  height  of  the  lift  depends  upon 
the  tangential  force. 

Ques.  310.  What  should  be  the  minimum 
peripheral  velocity  of  the  pump  wheel? 

Ans.  500  feet  per  minute. 

Ques.  311.  What  is  a good  indication  that 
the  pump  is  not  properly  working? 

Ans.  Steam  issuing  from  the  relief  or  out- 
let of  the  water  circulating  system. 

Ques.  312.  How  may  the  pump  be  tested  be- 
fore starting? 

Ans.  Run  the  motor  for  a few.  minutes.  If 
the  temperature  of  the  pipes  is  uniform,  the 
circulation  is  all  right. 


R 

Ques.  313.  What  rule  should  govern  in  the 
design  of  a radiator? 

Ans.  That  the  maximum  surface  should  be 
exposed  to  the  air,  and  the  greatest  freedom 
afforded  for  circulation  of  the  cooling  medium. 

Ques.  314.  What  advantages  attach  to  the 
circular  tube  for  a radiator  ? 

Ans.  Minimum  resistance  offered  to  flow  of 
liquid.  Greatest  strength  for  given  weight. 
Minimum  weight  of  tube  for  given  cubic  con- 
tent of  liquid. 


70 


Automobile 


Ques.  315.  What  is  the  disadvantage  of  the 
circular  tube  radiator  ? 

Ans.  Minimum  radiating  surface  presented. 

Ques.  316.  What  can  be  said  in  favor  of  the 
cellular  type  of  radiators  ? 

Ans.  They  are  more  easily  cleaned  of  mud 
than  any  other  type. 

Ques.  317.  What  disadvantage  attaches  to 
the  honey-comb  radiator? 

Ans.  The  large  number  ot  joints  is  likely 
to  be  a cause  of  leakage.  They  are  also  more 
difficult  to  repair  on  the  road,  than  the  tubular 
type  with  radiating  pins,  or  discs. 

Ques.  318.  How  many  square  feet  of  radiat- 
ing surface  per  horse  power  is  required  in  the 
thermo-siphon,  or  natural  water  circulation 
system  of  cooling? 

Ans.  About  5 sq.  ft.  per  horse  power  de- 
veloped. 

Ques.  319.  What  is  the  most  common  cause 
of  a radiator  cap  sticking  ? 

Ans.  Expansion  of  the  threaded  ring  on 
which  it  screws.  This  is  caused  by  extreme 
heat,  and  the  cap  will  unscrew  easily  when 
cold. 

Ques.  320.  When,  therefore,  is  the  best  time 
to  fill  a radiator? 

Ans.  Before  beginning  the  run. 

Ques.  321.  In  case  it  becomes  necessary  to 
unscrew  a radiator  cap  when  hot  what  should 
be  done? 


Catechism 


71 


Ans.  Cool  the  base  of  the  ring  under  the  cap 
but  do  not  cool  the  cap  itself. 

Ques.  322.  In  regard  to  reversing  of  a car, 
what  should  the  driver  always  remember  ? 

Ans.  The  reverse  gear  of  a sliding  change 
gear  should  never  be  engaged  until  the  car  has 
been  brought  to  a full  stop. 

Ques.  323.  What  is  a rheostat  ? 

Ans.  A device  for  regulating  the  flow  of  cur- 
rent in  a closed  electrical  circuit. 

Ques.  324.  How  is  this  accomplished  with  a 
rheostat  ? 

Ans.  By  introducing  a series  of  graduated 
resistances  into  the  circuit. 

Ques.  325.  What  precautions  should  be  ob- 
served regarding  all  rubber  supplies? 

Ans.  They  should  be  kept  from  contact  with 
oil,  kerosene,  gasoline  or  grease. 

Ques.  326.  What  is  the  maximum  temper- 
ature to  which  vulcanized  rubber  should  be  ex- 
posed? 

Ans.  130  degrees  F. 

Ques.  327.  How  may  a good  rubber  cement 
be  made.  Give  formula? 

Ans.  1 lb.  caoutchouc ; 1 gal.  coal  tar 
naphtha ; 20  lbs.  shellac.  Heat  gently,  and 
pour  on  metal  plates  to  solidify.  When  needed 
melt. 

Ques.  328.  Give  a formula  for  gutta-percha 
cement? 

Ans.  Two  parts  gutta-percha  to  one  part 


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Automobile 


common  pitch.  Melt  together,  and  stir  well 
while  melting,  after  which  pour  into  cold  water. 

Ques.  329.  What  is  included  in  the  complete 
running  gear  of  an  automobile? 

Ans.  The  frame,  springs,  wheels,  motor, 
speed  change  gear,  axles  and  all  machinery  ex- 
cept the  body. 

Ques.  000.  What  is  the  running  gear  usually 
called  ? 

Ans.  The  chassis,  a French  word  pronounced 
chassee. 

S 

Ques.  330.  How  may  a scratched  cylinder 
be  temporarily  repaired  ? 

Ans.  By  filling  the  scratches  with  silver 
solder,  and  scraping  flush  with  the  bore.  If 
the  scratches  are  not  too  deep  the  cylinder  can 
be  rebored,  and  a new  set  of  piston  rings  put 
in. 

Ques.  331.  What  is  the  limit  to  increase  of 
bore  for  a cylinder  ? 

Ans.  About  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch. 

Ques.  332.  What  is  one  of  the  most  useful 
tools  to  be  carried  on  a car? 

Ans.  A good  screw-driver. 

Ques.  333.  Define  the  secondary  current  of 
an  ignition  system? 

Ans.  The  current  that  is  induced  in  the  fine 
wire  of  the  induction  coil  by  the  sudden  reversal 
of  the  magnetism  of  the  core,  which  latter  is 


Catechism 


73 


caused  by  the  sudden  interruption  of  the  pri- 
mary current. 

Ques.  334.  What  are  some  of  the  causes  of 
self-firing  of  an  explosive  motor? 

Ans.  An  insufficient  supply  of  lubricating 
oil,  thereby  causing  the  cylinders  to  overheat; 
the  presence  of  soot  in  combustion  chamber; 
water  circulation  working  badly,  causing  the 
motor  to  overheat.  Self-firing  implies  that  the 
motor  continues  to  run  after  the  ignition  cur- 
rent is  switched  off. 

Ques.  335.  What  are  the  principal  advan- 
tages connected  with  the  shaft  drive? 

Ans.  Absence  of  noise ; the  ease  with  which 
all  parts  may  be  housed  in  oil ; protection  from 
dust. 

Ques.  336.  Mention  some  of  the  disadvan- 
tages attached  to  the  shaft  drive  ? 

Ans.  It  is  difficult  to  repair;  it  is  compli- 
cated ; it  has  considerable  end  thrust. 

Ques.  337.  How  may  aluminum  be  cleaned? 

Ans.  By  washing  the  dirty  surface  with 
hyposulphate  of  soda;  then  rinse  with  water, 
and  dry. 

Ques.  338.  What  is  the  best  lubricant  for 
the  cupped  leather  washer  of  the  tire  pump 
piston  ? 

Ans.  Vaseline,  as  it  clings  to  the  leather. 

Ques.  339.  Upon  what  does  the  effieciency 
of  the  motor,  to  a large  extent  depend  ? 

Ans.  Proper  regulation  of  the  sparking  de- 
vice. 


74 


Automobile 


Ques.  340.  What  will  result  if  the  spark 
plugs  are  allowed  to  become  dirty? 

Ans.  Mis-firing. 

Ques.  341.  What  is  the  proper  method  of 
cleaning  a spark  plug? 

Ans.  Wash  the  points  of  the  plug  with  a 50 
per  cent  solution  of  muriatic  acid  applied  with 
a tooth  brush. 

Ques.  342.  What  is  the  function  of  the 
speedometer  ? 

Ans.  To  register  the  speed  of  the  car,  and 
the  distance  traveled. 

Ques.  343.  How  is  the  speedometer  driven? 

Ans.  By  means  of  a large  gear  attached  to 
the  hub  of  the  wheel,  which  meshes  into  a small 
gear  at  the  end  of  a flexible  revolving  cable 
which  in  turn  drives  the  instrument. 

Ques.  344.  Are  short  springs  desirable  in  an 
automobile  ? 

Ans.  They  are  not,  for  the  reason  that  they 
are  more  liable  to  break,  than  longer  springs 
are. 

Ques.  345.  What  important  factor  must  be 
considered  in  the  design  of  springs? 

Ans.  The  elastic  limit  with  regard  to  the 
dead,  and  maximum  load  to  be  carried  by  the 
car. 

Ques.  346.  What  care  can  be  given  to 
springs  tending  to  prolong  their  life? 

Ans.  The  surfaces  of  the  leaves  may  be 
lubricated  at  intervals,  also  the  toggles  and 
links. 


Catechism 


75 


Ques.  347.  What  should  be  done  with  the 
steering  gear  at  frequent  intervals? 

Ans.  It  should  be  cleaned,  and  well  oiled. 

Ques.  348.  What  advantages  are  possessed 
by  steam  motors  as  compared  with  explosive 
motors  ? 

Ans.  Speed  variations  are  obtained  with- 
out the  shifting  of  gears;  they  will  start  with- 
out cranking;  they  are  noiseless,  and  are  better 
for  climbing  hills. 

Ques.  349.  Name  the  principal  parts  of  a 
steam  motor  for  driving  an  automobile  ? 

Ans.  The  boiler,  the  steam  engine,  the  con- 
denser, the  water  pump,  gasoline  pump  and  the 
pilot  lamp. 

Ques.  350.  What  type  of  boiler  is  available 
for  automobile  service? 

Ans.  The  water  tube  type,  only,  and  it 
should  be  of  light  construction  and  yet  able  to 
withstand  very  high  pressures. 

Ques.  351.  What  kind  of  fuel  is  generally 
used  under  the  boiler? 

Ans.  Gasoline,  which  is  passed  under  pres- 
sure through  a vaporizer,  and  thence  to  the 
burner  where  it  mixes  with  the  air,  and  burns. 

Ques.  352.  How  is  the  boiler  supplied  with 
water  ? 

Ans.  From  a small  tank  or  reservoir  the 
water  flows  to  the  feed  pump,  which  forces  it, 
first  through  the  feed  water  heater  located  in 
the  exhaust  pipe  leading  to  the  condenser, 


76 


Automobile 


where  it  absorbs  considerable  heat  from  the 
exhaust  steam.  From  there  into  the  boiler. 

Ques.  353.  What  is  the  function  of  the  pilot 
light  in  connection  with  a steam  motor? 

Ans.  It  is  twofold;  first  for  heating  the 
vaporizer,  and  second  for  lighting  the  burner, 
as  the  fuel  is  generally  supplied  only  intermit- 
tently to  the  burner,  depending  upon  the  steam 
pressure,  which  automatically  regulates  it. 

Ques.  354.  Wherein  does  the  steam  engine 
differ  from  the  gasoline,  or  explosive  engine 
used  on  automobiles  ? 

Ans.  A steam  engine  exerts  power  at  each 
stroke  of  the  piston.  With  the  explosive  en- 
gine, power  is  exerted  only  at  every  fourth 
stroke,  or  at  best  every  alternate  stroke. 

Ques.  355.  What  type  of  steam  engines  are 
in  use  on  automobiles? 

Ans.  Two  cylinders,  with  cranks  set  at  90 
degrees  to  each  other.  The  engines  have  re- 
versing valve  gear,  and  may  be  either  simple  or 
compound. 

Ques.  356.  Explain  what  is  meant  by  a 
simple  engine? 

Ans.  A simple  engine  is  one  in  which  the 
steam  having  done  its  work  in  the  cylinder  is 
permitted  to  pass  into  the  exhaust  pipe,  either 
to  the  atmosphere,  or  to  a condenser. 

Ques.  357.  Explain  the  principles  of  the 
compound  engine? 

Ans.  A compound  engine  consists  of  never 
less  than  two  cylinders,  and  in  many  cases 


Catechism 


77 


more.  In  the  two  cylinder  compound,  such  as 
are  used  on  steam  automobiles,  one  of  the  cyl- 
inders is  called  the  high  pressure,  and  the  other 
the  low  pressure  cylinder.  Steam  passes  from 
the  boiler  first  to  the  high  pressure  cylinder  in 
which  it  does  work,  and  from  thence  it  passes 
to  the  low  pressure  cylinder  which  is  always  of 
larger  bore  than  the  high  pressure.  The  steam 
now  acts  against  the  low  pressure  piston,  doing 
work,  and  is  then  allowed  to  exhaust  either  into 
the  atmosphere,  or  into  a condenser. 

Ques.  358.  What  types  of  valve  gear  are  in 
general  use  on  steam  automobiles? 

Ans.  There  are  two — the  Stephenson  link 
motion,  and  the  Joy  valve  gear. 

Ques.  359.  What  are  the  duties  of  the 
chauffeur  after  the  day’s  run  is  finished,  and 
the  car  is  run  into  the  garage? 

Ans.  First,  shut  the  battery  switch,  and  re- 
move the  plug;  close  all  oil  cups  and  lubri- 
cators ; shut  off  the  gasoline  if  there  is  no  float 
in  the  carbureter;  if  in  winter  and  the  car  is 
to  stand  in  a cold  place,  drain  off  the  water 
from  circulating  system;  wipe  off  motor,  and 
see  that  it  is  ready  for  the  next  run;  when 
cleaning  the  motor  examine  all  bolts  and  nuts, 
and  all  other  points  needing  adjustment;  note 
the  condition  of  journals,  and  bearings,  and 
if  any  are  unduly  hot,  ascertain  the  cause  of  the 
heating. 

Ques.  360.  Give  a list  of  supplies  that  will 
be  found  very  useful  to  carry  on  a long  trip? 


78 


Automobile 


Aiis.  Asbestos,  bolts  and  nuts,  copper  wire, 
emery  cloth,  emery  powder,  funnel,  extra  can 
of  gasoline,  gaskets,  iron  wire,  machine  screws, 
rope  (small,  strong),  rubber  pail,  adhesive  tape, 
washers. 

Ques.  361.  What  is  the  advantage  of  a three 
point  suspension  for  automobile  frames? 

Ans.  Freedom  of  the  power  plant  from 
stress,  all  parts  remaining  in  perfect  alignment. 

T 

Ques.  362.  What  is  a tachometer? 

Ans.  An  instrument  for  indicating  the  num- 
ber of  revolutions  made  by  a shaft  in  a unit  of 
time — usually  one  minute. 

Ques.  363.  How  is  the  capacity  in  gallons  of 
a cylindrical  tank  ascertained? 

Ans.  Multiply  the  area  of  the  cross  section 
in  square  inches  by  length  of  tank  in  inches, 
and  divide  by  231. 

Ques.  364.  What  precautions  should  be  ob- 
served regarding  gasoline  tanks? 

Ans.  Never  put  water  into  the  tank.  Al- 
ways use  a wire  gauze-lined  funnel.  If  the 
screwed  cap  for  the  inlet  gets  lost,  get  a new 
one ; don ’t  use  a cork ; small  bits  of  the  cork  are 
liable  to  get  into  the  carbureter. 

Ques.  365.  How  should  ignition  batteries  be 
tested  ? 

Ans.  Get  a 4 or  6 volt  one-ampere  incan- 
descent lamp,  and  after  cutting  the  battery  out 
of  the  charging  circuit,  put  the  lamp  in  the  bat- 


Catechism 


79 


ter y circuit  for  a few  seconds  only.  If  the  bat- 
tery is  fully  charged  the  lamp  will  give  out  a 
brilliant  light. 

Ques.  366.  What  is  the  difference  between  a 
single  tube,  and  a double  tube  tire  ? 

Ans.  In  a single  tube  tire  the  inner,  or  air 
tube  is  vulcanized  to  the  outer  tube.  In  a 
double  tube  they  are  separately  attached  to  the 
rim  of  the  wheel,  and  are  not  in  contact,  except 
when  the  inner  tube  is  inflated. 

Ques.  367.  What  advantage  has  the  single, 
over  the  double  tube  tire  in  the  matter  of  re- 
pairs ? 

Ans.  A puncture  through  the  tread  of  a 
single  tube  tire  may  be  repaired  by  using  rivet 
shaped  rubber  patches.  With  a double  tube 
tire  it  is  necessary  to  remove  the  casing  from 
the  rim  of  the  wheel,  in  order  to  cement  suitable 
patches  upon  the  inner  tube. 

Ques.  368.  What  is  implied  in  the  term 
tonneau  used  in  connection  with  automobiles? 

Ans.  The  rear  seats  of  a car. 

Ques.  369.  Describe  in  a general  way  a 
touring  car? 

Ans.  The  rear  seats  are  non-removable;  it 
has  a carrying  capacity  of  5 to  6 persons;  the 
motor  ranging  from  16  to  24  horse  power ; and 
the  running  radius  is  from  50  to  75  miles  on 
one  charge  of  gasoline  and  water. 

Ques.  370.  Mention  a list  of  touring  sup- 
plies to  be  carried  in  addition  to  those  already 
enumerated  ? 


80 


Automobile 


Ans.  Acetylene  (carbide  of  calcium),  cyl- 
inder oil,  goggles,  lap  robe,  lamp  oil,  lubricating 
oil,  storm  apron,  tire  bandage,  waste,  whiskey 
(for  medical  use  only). 

Ques.  371.  What  is  .the  function  of  the  tor- 
sion rod? 

Ans.  To  prevent  the  twisting  strain  imposed 
by  the  shaft  from  reaching  to,  and  affecting  the 
frame  at  the  rear  end. 

Ques.  372.  What  is  meant  by  the  traction  of 
the  driving  wheels? 

Ans.  The  push  in  pounds  exerted  by  the 
rims  of  the  wheels  against  the  ground,  multi- 
plied by  speed  of  car  in  miles  per  hour. 

Ques.  373.  What  is  the  estimated  efficiency 
of  the  various  forms  of  power  transmission? 

Ans.  Single  chain  with  direct  drive,  85  per 
cent;  two  chain  drive  from  motor  to  speed 
change  gear,  thence  to  rear  axle,  75  per  cent; 
double  chain  with  right  angle  drive,  70  per 
cent;  longitudinal  shaft  drive,  universal  joints, 
and  bevel  differential,  65  per  cent. 

Ques.  374.  Should  a motor  be  slowed  down 
by  throttling  the  charge? 

Ans.  Not  until  the  ignition  has  been  retarded 
as  far  as  possible. 

Ques.  375.  Is  copper  tubing  serviceable  for 
piping  the  gas  to  the  lamp  burners  ? 

Ans.  It  is  used  to  a large  extent,  but  it  is 
liable  to  erosion  by  the  gas.  Standard  % in. 
gas  pipe  is  better,  and  lasts  longer. 


Catechism 


81 


U 

Ques.  376.  "What  is  meant  by  the  expression 
unit  of  heat? 

Ans.  A heat  unit  (B.  t.  u.)  is  the  quantity 
of  heat  required  to  raise  the  temperature  of  one 
pound  of  water  one  degree,  or  from  39°  to  40° 
F.  The  heat  unit  is  used  for  calculating  the 
quantity  of  heat  contained  in  any  form,  and 
known  weight  of  matter. 

Ques.  377.  How  may  the  number  of  heat 
units  in  a given  number  of  pounds  of  gasoline  be 
ascertained  ? 

Ans.  By  the  amount  of  energy,  or  work 
(expressed  in  horse  power)  developed  by  the 
complete  combustion,  explosion,  and  expansion 
of  the  given  weight  of  gasoline,  assuming  that 
none  is  lost. 

Ques.  378.  What  is  the  mechanical  equiva- 
lent of  heat,  or  rather  of  one  heat  unit  ? 

Ans.  778  foot  pounds. 

Ques.  379.  What  is  a foot  pound? 

Ans.  One  pound  weight  raised  one  foot 
high. 

Ques.  380.  How  is  horse  power  calculated 
from  the  above  mentioned  data? 

Ans.  One  H.  P.  equals  33,090  lbs.  raised  one 
foot  high  in  one  minute  of  time.  One  heat  unit 
equals  778  foot  lbs.,  or  778-^-33000  = about 
1/43  of  a horse  power. 


82 


Automobile 


V 

Ques.  381  What  care  should  be  given  the 
valves  of  an  explosive  motor? 

Ans.  They  should  be  ground  in  at  frequent 
intervals,  using  fine  emery  and  oil,  then  finish 
with  tripoli  and  water.  Badly  pitted  valves 
should  be  replaced  by  new  ones. 

Ques.  382.  What  is  liable  to  result  from 
an  exhaust  valve  sticking? 

Ans.  The  motor  may  suddenly  stop. 

Ques.  383.  What  should  be  done  in  such  a 
case? 

Ans.  The  valve  should  be  removed,  and  the 
stem  be  cleaned  and  scraped,  and  if  it  is  warped 
it  should  be  straightened.  If  the  valve  still 
leaks  it  should  be  ground  to  its  seat. 

Ques.  384.  What  is  the  function  of  the  aux- 
iliary air  valve  with  the  float  feed  carbureter? 

Ans.  To  provide  a larger  air  inlet  for  low 
speeds,  than  for  high  speeds. 

Ques  385.  How  should  the  exhaust  valve  be 
timed? 

Ans.  So  as  to  open  slightly  before  the  be- 
ginning of  the  inward  stroke,  and  close  at  the 
end  of  the  same  stroke.  The  next  inward  stroke 
is  the  compression  stroke  when  both  valves 
should  be  closed. 

Ques.  386.  Where  is  the  butterfly  valve 
used? 

Ans.  In  the  admission  pipe  between  the  car- 


Catechism 


83 


bureter  and  the  admission  valve  of  the  motor. 

Ques.  387.  What  is  its  function? 

Ans.  To  regulate,  or  throttle  the  supply  of 
explosive  mixture  to  the  motor. 

Ques.  388.  What  is  the  function  of  the 
swing-check  valve  ? 

Ans.  It  is  attached  to  the  air  inlet  opening 
of  the  carbureter  to  prevent  leakage  of  the  mix- 
ture, when  suction  operated  admission  valves 
are  used. 

Ques.  389.  Where  is  the  globe  valve  gen- 
erally used  ? 

Ans.  In  the  pipe  leading  from  gasoline  tank 
to  carbureter.  By  it  the  supply  of  gasoline  may 
be  entirely  shut  off. 

Ques.  390.  What  objections  are  there  to  an 
excessive  clearance  between  the  valve  lifters 
and  valves? 

Ans.  (1)  Vertical  hammering,  causing  un> 
necessary  noise;  (2)  sidewise  pressure  im- 
posed on  the  valve  lifters  by  the  cams. 

Ques.  391.  About  what  clearance  should  be 
allowed  for  expansion  of  valve  stems  ? 

Ans.  The  thickness  of  a business  card. 

Ques.  392.  What  is  meant  by  “lead”  of 
valves  ? 

Ans.  Adjustment  of  the  timing  so  that  the 
valves  open  slightly  before  the  completion  of 
the  particular  part  of  the  cycle  they  are  in- 
tended to  perform. 

Ques.  393.  What  general  rule  governs  the 
giving  of  “lead”  to  valves? 


84 


Automobile 


Ans.  The  higher  the  speed  of  the  motor,  the 
greater  the  necessity  for  lead. 

Ques.  394.  What  objections  attend  the  use 
of  vaporizers  in  connection  with  carbureters? 

Ans.  They  are  wasteful  of  gasoline,  and  re- 
quire frequent  adjustment.  They  permit  an  ex- 
cessive flow  when  the  tank  is  full,  and  restrict 
it  when  the  tank  is  nearly  empty. 

Ques.  395.  Upon  what  does  the  saturation 
point  for  any  given  vapor  depend  ? 

Ans.  Upon  the  temperature. 

Ques.  396.  What  is  meant  by  vapor  tension  ? 

Ans.  The  pressure  exerted  by  the  vapor  in  its 
saturated  state. 

W 

Ques.  397.  How  many  systems  of  water  cir- 
culation are  in  use  on  automobiles  for  cooling 
the  motor  cylinders? 

Ans.  Two ; the  natural,  or  thermo-siphon 
system,  and  the  forced  water  circulation. 

Ques.  398.  Explain  the  operation  of  the 
thermo-siphon  system? 

Ans.  Cold  water  being  heavier  than  hot 
water,  the  circulation  is  obtained  by  having  a 
head  of  water  in  a tank  located  above  the  level 
of  the  cylinder  water-jacket,  and  as  the  water 
in  the  jacket  is  heated,  the  cooler  water  from 
the  tank  flows  in,  forcing  the  heated  water  to 
take  its  place  in  the  tank,  an  automatic  circula- 
tion being  thus  kept  up. 


Catechism 


85 


Ques.  399.  How  is  forced  circulation  of  the 
cooling  element  maintained? 

Ans.  By  means  of  a rotary  pump ; the  water 
passing  from  pump  to  jackets,  thence  to  the 
radiators,  on  to  the  tank,  and  back  through  the 
pump  again. 

Ques.  400.  What  is  the  meaning  of  a watt- 
hour? 

Ans.  The  voltage  of  the  current  multiplied 
by  the  rate  of  flow  in  amperes  per  hour  gives 
the  rate  of  energy  expended  in  watt-hours. 

Ques.  401.  Describe  the  wipe-spark  ignition 
system  ? 

Ans.  A form  of  primary  sparking  device 
used  on  some  gasoline  motor  cars,  but  used  prin- 
cipally on  marine  and  stationary  gasoline 
motors.  The  make  and  break  is  between  a 
rocker  arm  on  the  side  of  the  combustion  cham- 
ber, and  a spring  plunger  above  the  end  of  the 
arm,  and  in  the  center  of  the  cylinder  head. 

Ques.  402.  What  will  be  the  effect  of  the 
breakage  of  a wire  in  the  ignition  system  of 
a single  cylinder  motor? 

Ans.  The  instant  stoppage  of  the  motor. 

Ques.  403.  How  would  such  an  accident  af- 
fect a multi-cylinder  car,  provided  it  was  not 
the  main  circuit? 

Ans.  It  would  probably  slow  the  car,  with 
the  result  of  explosions  in  the  muffler. 

Ques.  404.  What  causes  wire-drawing  of  the 
mixture  in  carbureters? 

Ans.  A restricted  intake. 


86 


Automobile 


Ques.  405.  What  are  some  of  the  bad  effects 
of  such  wire  drawing? 

Ans.  Excessive  noises;  reduction  of  power 
and  waste  of  gasoline. 

Ques.  406.  Can  wood-alcohol  be  used  to  any 
advantage  in  the  cooling  system  of  an  explosive 
motor  ? 

Ans.  There  is  no  particular  advantage  in 
using  it,  except  to  dispense  with  the  use  of 
water.  The  liability  to  freeze  in  cold  weather 
is  lessened  however. 

X 

Ques.  407.  Upon  what  principle  is  the  ac- 
tion of  the  Xardell  muffler  based  ? 

Ans.  A vacuum  is  employed  to  create  a suc- 
tion upon  the  exhaust  gases  coming  from  the 
motor. 

Z 

Ques.  408.  What  is  absolute  zero? 

Ans.  A condition  in  which  there  is  absolutely 
no  vibration  of  the  molecules,  and  consequently 
no  heat.  It  has  been  calculated  from  experi- 
ments and  observations  to  be  a temperature  of 
461°  below  zero  Fahr. 


Reference  tables 


501  Front  axle  with  yokes  and  spring  supports. 

502  Right  steering  knuckle. 

503  Left  steering  knuckle. 

504  Front  springs. 

505  Front  spring  clips  with  cross  pieces. 

506  King  bolts  and  nuts. 

507  Inside  annular  front  bearing. 

508  Outside  annular  front  bearing. 

509  Nuts  for  spindle  of  knuckle. 

510  Lock  washers  for  nuts  on  spindle. 

511  Steel  dust  washers. 

512  Felt  dust  washers. 

513  Front  connecting  rod  complete  with  adjusting 

ends. 

514  Adjusting  end  right  hand  thread  front. 

515  Adjusting  end  left  hand  thread  front. 

516  Cone  screws,  nuts  and  brass  cones  for  front 

adjusting  ends. 

517  Rear  connecting  rod  complete,  adjusting  end 

and  ball  rod  adjuster. 

518  Adjusting  end  rear  connecting  rod. 

519  Cone  screws,  nuts  and  brass  cones  for  rear  con- 

necting rod. 

520  Ball  rod  adjuster  with  bolts. 

521  Ball  rod  with  adjusting  ring. 

522  Right  hand  front  connecting  rod  lock  nut. 

523  Left  hand  front  connecting  rod  lock  nut. 

525  Bolts  for  holding  spokes  in  hubs. 

526  Spring  clip  holders. 

527  Hardened  washer  for  knuckles. 

528  Ball  rod  brasses. 

529  Rear  connecting  rod  lock  nut. 

530  Front  wheels  with  rims  without  tires  and  with- 
out bearings. 

Tires  front  and  rear. 

87 

\ 


531 


88 

532 

533 

534 

535 

536 

537 

538 

539 

540 

541 

542 

544 

545 

546 

547 

548 

549 

550 

551 

552 

553 

554 

555 

556 

557 

558 

559 

560 

561 

562 


Automobile 


Washer  inside  front  dust  cap  for  holding  in 
outside  bearing. 

Front  dust  caps. 

Rear  dust  caps. 

Rear  wheels  with  rims  without  tires  and  with- 
out bearings'. 

Outside  rear  annular  bearing. 

Inside  rear  annular  bearing. 

Sleeve  on  spindle  rear  axle. 

Locknuts  for  rear  wheels. 

Lock  nut  washers  for  rear  wheels. 

Dog  clutches. 

Inner  axles,  right  and  left,  same  length. 

Rear  outside  axle  including  top  bearing  of  driv- 
ing shaft,  hub  brake  supports,  rear  Springs, 
supports,  screw  cover  for  gear  case,  auxiliary 
bearing  caps  and  truss  rod. 

Differential  gear  complete. 

Large  bevel  gears. 

Bevel  pinion. 

Annular  bearings  on  differential. 

Large  nuts  on  differential  for  adjusting  bear- 
ings. 

Lock  washers  between  adjusting  nuts  on  dif- 
ferential. 

Ball  thrust  bearing. 

Nut  back  of  ball  thrust  on  differential. 

Spur  gear  inside  of  differential. 

Spur  pinions  inside  of  differential. 

Bolts  holding  spur  pinions  in  differential. 
Holders  for  rear  spring  bumpers. 

Rubber  for  bumpers. 

Lock  springs  for  dust  caps. 

Auxiliary  bearing  caps  inside  of  gear  case. 
Spring  hooks  for  large  and  small  brake  bands. 
Large  brake  bands. 

Small  brake  bands. 


1=3 


ea 


680 


Elevation  of  Chassis 


563 

564 

565 

566 

567 

568 

580 

581 

582 

583 

584 

585 

586 

587 

588 

589 

590 

591 

592 

593 

594 

595 

596 

597 

598 

599 

600 

601 

602 

603 

604 


Catechism  89 

Hardened  steel  wearing  plates  for  large  and 
small  brake  bands. 

Cam  shaft  for  large  brake  oand. 

Cam  shaft  for  small  brake  bands. 

Spiral  springs  for  large  and  small  brake  bands. 
Levers  on  cam  shafts. 

Supporting  pins  for  large  and  small  brake  bands. 
Truss  rod  under  rear  axle  with  two  nuts. 

Cam  shaft  washer  for  large  and  small  brakes. 
Right  hand  front  fender  with  irons. 

Left  hand  front  fender  with  irons. 

Rear  fender  with  irons. 

Driving  shaft  with  nut  for  pinion  and  cross  pin. 
Annular  bearing  on  driving  shaft  back  of 
pinion. 

Annular  bearing  at  front  end  of  driving  shaft. 
Adjusting  nuts  on  driving  shaft. 

Lock  washer  for  adjusting  nuts  on  driving 
shaft. 

Swivel  hub  front  bearing  support  for  driving 
shaft  without  bearing. 

Sheet  steel  dust  washer  over  bearing  and  screws 
for  same. 

Felt  dust  washer  over  bearing. 

Swivel  yoke. 

Swivel  yoke  bracket. 

Hinged  tee  for  swivel  yoke. 

Steel  bar  through  swivel  yoke  bracket. 

Special  cap  screw  holding  swivel  yoke  to  top 
driving  shaft  bearing. 

Three-eighths  cap  screw  holding  top  bearing  of 
driving  shaft  to  tubular  casing. 

Universal  joint,  main  hardened  steel  portion. 
Squares  in  universal  joint. 

15-16  i^h  cross  pin  through  driving  shaft. 
Sleeve  for  universal  joint. 

Rawhide  cover  for  universal  joint. 

Cap  screws  in  universal  joint  sleeve. 


90 

605 

606 

607 

608 

609 

610 

611 

612 

613 

614 

615 

616 

617 

618 

619 

620 

621 

622 

623 

624 

625 

626 

627 

628 

629 

630 

631 

632 

633 

634 

635 

636 

637 

638 

639 

640 


Automobile 


Nuts  on  universal  joint. 

Washer  between  nuts  on  universal  joint. 
Fender  brackets  riveted  to  frame. 

Fender  studs  for  runningboard. 

Pressed  steel  frame  with  parts  riveted  on  in* 
eluding  front  and  rear  spring  loops. 

Front  spring  loop,  right. 

Front  spring  loop,  left. 

Bear  spring  loop,  right. 

Bear  spring  loop,  left. 

Front  spring  brackets. 

Bear  spring  brackets. 

Brake  and  clutch  shaft  brackets. 

Bear  springs. 

Bear  spring  links. 

Front  spring  links. 

Bolts  and  nuts  for  front  and  rear  spring  links. 
Bolts  and  nuts  for  attaching  front  spring  to 
loop  and  rear  spring  to  bracket. 

B.  H.  front  runningboard  supporting  iron. 

L.  H.  front  runningboard  supporting  iron. 

Bear  supporting  irons  for  runningboard. 

Bight  hand  runningboard  with  brass  edge  strip. 
Left  hand  runningboard  with  brass  edge  strip. 
Brass  edge  strip  around  runningboard. 

Bubber  mats  on  runningboard. 

Tonneau  steps. 

Tonneau  step  brackets. 

Bubber  mat  for  tool  box. 

Battery  box. 

Tool  box. 

Dash  brackets. 

Bear  locker  box. 

Tail  lamp  bracket,  brass  plated. 

Front  lamp  brackets,  brass  plated. 

Bight  hand  side  lamp  bracket,  brass  plated. 
Left  hand  side  lamp  bracket,  brass  plated. 

Wood  dash. 


Catechism 


91 


641 

642 

643 

644 

645 

646 

647 

648 

649 

650 

651 

652 

653 

654 

655 

656 

657 

658 

659 

660 
661 
662 

663 

664 

665 

666 

667 

668 

669 

670 

671 

672 


Aluminum  dash  shield. 

Foot  pedal  bracket. 

Shaft  through  foot  pedals. 

Brake  foot  pedal. 

Clutch  foot  pedal. 

Throttle  pedal. 

Tapered  washers  between  clutch,  brake  and 
throttle  pedal. 

Square  tube  under  dash. 

Aluminum  clutch  with  leather  and  springs  under 
leather. 

Leather  on  clutch. 

Springs  under  clutch. 

Clutch  hub. 

Clutch  hub  sleeve. 

Ball  thrust  bearing  back  of  slide. 

Clutch  slide. 

Clutch  yoke. 

Special  cap  screws  for  clutch  yoke. 

Clutch  shaft. 

Clutch  coupling. 

Clutch  coupling  sliding  squares. 

Clutch  coupling  bolt  (long). 

Clutch  coupling  bolt  (short). 

Large  spiral  spring  in  clutch  hub'. 

Large  hexagon  head  cap  screw  holding  spiral 
spring  in  clutch  hub.  (Clutch  stud.) 

Tapered  pin  and  nut  inside  of  clutch  stud. 

Thrust  ball  bearing  and  two  washers  on  clutch 
screw. 

Clutch  buffer  complete  with  leather  covered 
button. 

Clutch  buffer  brace. 

Clutch  buffer  button. 

Hexagon  nut  holding  steering  wheel  on  stem. 
Steering  chuck. 

Steering  stem  with  throttle  and  spark  rods  and 

worms. 


92 


Automobile 


673  Steering  post  with  Knurled  nut  at  top. 

674  Spark  collar. 

675  Throttle  collar. 

676  Steering  wheel  with  ratchet. 

677  Ratchet  and  screws  for  steering  wheel. 

678  Spark  lever  on  wheel. 

679  Throttle  lever  on  wheel. 

680  Nut  holding  spark  lever  to  rod. 

681  Dust  tube  on  steering  chuck. 

682  Dust  tube  packing  nut. 

683  Spark  bell  crank  lever. 

684  Bracket  for  spark  bell  crank  lever. 

685  Timer  rod. 

686  Throttle  shaft  with  levers  and  throttle  cam. 

687  Throttle  shaft  brackets. 

688  Rod  and  adjuster  to  throttle  pedal. 

689  Carbureter  rod  and  adjuster. 

690  Carbureter. 

691  Carbureter  intake  pipe  with  flange. 

692  Pipe  nipple  for  carbureter. 

693  Carbureter  air  pipe. 

694  Auxiliary  air  inlet  for  carbureter. 

695  Brake  hand  lever. 

696  Brake  hand  lever  slide. 

697  Special  screws  in  brake  hand  lever  slide. 

698  Controller  hand  lever. 

699  Controller  hand  lever  catch. 

700  Grips  for  controller  and  brake  hand  lever. 

701  Tension  rods  and  ends  for  controller  and  hand 

brake  levers. 

702  Brake  lever  shaft  with  intermediate  brake  lever. 

703  Controller  lever  shaft. 

704  Short  gear  shifting  lever. 

705  Spiral  .springs  for  hand  brake  and  controller 

lever  rods. 

706  Bell  crank  clutch  lever. 

707  Brass  hexagon  nut  for  controller  shaft. 


Transmission  Gear 


708 

709 

710 

711 

712 

713 

717 

718 

719 

720 

721 

722 

723 

724 

725 

726 

727 

728 

729 

731 

732 

733 

734 

735 

736 

737 

738 

739 

740 

742 

743 


Catechism 


93 


Collar  for  controller  shaft. 

Brake  and  clutch  slotted  clevises  with  adjust- 
ing ends. 

Adjusting  ends  for  all  brake  rods  and  for  brake 
and  clutch  slotted  clevises. 

Slotted  clevises. 

Clutch  tension  rod. 

Long  tension  rod  for  hub  brakes. 

Left  outside  brake  tubing,  with  levers  and 
offset  levers  and  bracket  and  muffler  support. 
Bight  outside  brake  tubing,  with  levers  and 
offset  levers  and  bracket. 

Inside  shaft  with  lever  and  offset  levers. 
Equalizing  levers  on  outside  shaft  for  large 
brake. 

Cross  bar  on  equalizing  links. 

Springs  for  equalizing  levers. 

Chain  for  equalizing  levers. 

Equalizing  link  rods. 

Tension  rods  for  large  brake. 

Tension  rods  for  small  brake. 

Offset  levers  for  large  brake. 

Offset  levers  for  small  brake. 

Levers  on  inside  shaft  for  small  brake. 
Interlocking  sector. 

Interlocking  sector,  roller  and  adjuster. 

Long  clutch  lever. 

Hub  brake  cable  with  clevis. 

Turnbuckle  for  brake  cable. 

Double  clamp  for  foot  brake  cable. 

Clamp  and  leather  for  foot  brake  cable. 
Position  holder  for  foot  brake. 

Ratchet  bracket. 

Inside  bracket  for  controller  shaft. 

Dust  pan  under  transmission. 

Bight  side  dust  pan  on  side  of  engine,  rear 
section. 


94 

744 

745 

746 

747 

748 

749 

750 

751 

752 

753 

754 

755 

756 

758 

759 

760 

761 

762 

763 

764 

765 

766 

767 

768 

769 

770 

771 

772 

773 

774 

775 

776 

777 

778 


Automobile 

Eight  side  dust  pan  on  side  of  engine,  front 
section. 

Left  side  dust  pan  on  side  of  engine. 

Front  dust  pan. 

Starting  crank. 

Starting  shaft. 

Starting  shaft  bracket. 

Starting  shaft  spring. 

Eatchet  collar  for  starting  shaft. 

Brass  plated  nut  for  starting  shaft. 

Steering  chuck  brace. 

Steering  post  bushing. 

Worm  and  shaft  for  spark  lever  inside  steering 
post. 

Worm  and  tubing  for  throttle  lever  inside  steer- 
ing post. 

Timer  complete. 

Timer  and  top  of  governor  case. 

Timer  plunger  spring. 

Timer  plunger  holder. 

Timer  case. 

Timer  case  and  top  of  governor  cm*. 

Timer  contact  segments. 

Timer  screw  cap. 

Timer  glass. 

Fiber  ring  in  timer. 

Ball  cup  in  timer. 

Cone  in  timer. 

Nuts  on  shaft  through  timer. 

Governor  case. 

Governor  upper  spider  and  screws. 

Governor  lower  spider  and  studs. 

Governor  weight  pivot. 

Governor  shaft. 

Governor  arms  and  pins. 

Governor  weights. 

Governor  springs. 


Catechism 


95 


779  Bronze  bushing  in  timer. 

780  Long  spiral  Spring  holding  timer. 

781  Insulated  bushings  for  timer  case. 

784  Muffler. 

785  Muffler  pipe. 

786  Union  nut  for  muffler  pipe. 

787  Muffler  cutout  valve. 

788  Rear  end  of  muffler  complete. 

789  Muffler  spiral  springs. 

790  Muffler  eutout  lever. 

791  Muffler  cable. 

792  Muffler  push  rod. 

793  Muffler  bell  crank. 

794  Muffler  plunger. 

795  Muffler  bell  crank  stud. 

796  Rubber  button  on  muffler  rod  plunger. 

797  Gasoline  tank  under  front  seat. 

798  Gasoline  tank  straps. 

799  Gasoline  tank  supports. 

800  Gasoline  tank  cap. 

802  Fiber  block  on  dash  for  wiring. 

803  Fiber  block  (4  hole)  on  engine  for  wiring,  with 

support. 

804  Fiber  block  (2  hole)  on  engine  for  wiring,  with 

support. 

805  Fiber  block  (6  hole)  on  engine  for  wiring,  with 

support. 

806  Fiber  tubing  for  wiring. 

807  Chains  and  rubber  tubing  for  wiring. 

808  Spark  plug  gaps. 

809  Spark  coils. 

810  Vibrators  for  spark  coils. 

811  Adjusting  screws  for  vibrator  for  spark  coils. 

812  Plug  for  spark  coil. 

813  Dry  cells. 

814  Terminal  nuts  for  dry  cells. 

815  Wire  connectors  for  dry  cells. 


96 


Automobile 


816  Storage  batteries. 

817  Snap  switch  for  dynamo. 

818  Automatic  cutout. 

819  Snap  switch  for  lights. 

820  Electric  light  globes  for  side  and  tail  lamps. 

821  Dynamo. 

822  Brush  holders  for  dynamo. 

823  Carbon  brushes. 

824  Coil  nuts  for  coil  connectors. 

\ 825  Sockets  for  side  and  tail  lamps. 

826  Dynamo  governor  with  spring. 

827  Dynamo  rawhide  pulley. 

828  Bronze  bearing  bushing,  lower  end. 

829  Wiring  shield  on  front  of  dash. 

830  Clevis  pins,  long. 

831  Clevis  pins,  short. 

832  Clevis  pins  for  spark  and  throttle. 

833  Compression  relief  rod. 

835  Oil  tank. 

836  Oil  tank  strap. 

837  Oil  tank  cap. 

838  Pet  cock  on  oil  tank. 

839  Oiler  with  case  complete. 

840  Oil  pump  pulley  on  oiler. 

841  Flexible  tube  to  oiler. 

842  Stop  cock  to  oiler. 

843  Caps  for  adjusting  stems  on  oiler. 

844  Sight  feeds  on  dash. 

845  Glasses  for  sight  feeds. 

846  Plungers  for  sight  feeds. 

847  Plunger  springs  for  sight  feeds. 

848  Pipes  from  oiler  to  sight  feeds. 

849  Pipe  to  engine  crank  case,  long. 

850  Pipe  to  engine  crank  case,  short. 

851  Pipe  to  engine  main  bearing. 

852  Pipe  to  clutch  slide. 

853  Pipe  to  transmission. 


Plan  of  Chassis 


854 

855 

856 

857 

858 

859 

860 

861 

862 

863 

864 

865 

866 

867 

868 

869 

870 

871 

872 

873 

874 

875 

876 

877 

878 

879 

880 

881 

882 

883 

884 

885 

886 

887 

888 

889 

890 


Catechism 


97 


Pipe  to  rear  system. 

Unions  for  ends  of  oil  pipes. 

Oil  packing  nut  at  pulley. 

Pipe  to  center  of  cylinder  crank  case. 

Bracket  for  oiler. 

Belt  for  oiler  one-fourth  inch  diameter. 

Belt  hooks  for  oil  belt. 

Badiator. 

Badiator  filling  cap. 

Top  hose  for  radiator. 

Bottom  hose  for  radiator. 

Clamps  on  hose. 

Hose  nipple. 

Badiator  fan. 

Badiator  fan  braces. 

Badiator  fan  bearings  with  shaft. 

Tee  in  bottom  of  pump. 

Plug  in  tee  in  bottom  of  pump. 

Drain  cock  in  bottom  of  radiator. 

Fan  belt. 

Fan  pulley  attached  to  fan. 

Hood. 

Hood  fasteners  with  springs. 

Badiator  brace,  right* 

Badiator  brace,  left. 

Fan  pulley  on  crank  shaft. 

Auxiliary  gasoline  tank. 

Front  bracket  for  auxiliary  gasoline  tank. 

Bear  bracket  for  auxiliary  gasoline  tank. 

Pipe  from  main  to  auxiliary  gasoline  tank. 

Pipe  from  auxiliary  tank  to  carbureter. 

Pet  cock  on  bottom  of  gasoline  tank. 

Stop  cock  on  bottom  of  gasoline  tank. 

Air  pipe  from  auxiliary  gasoline  tank. 

Cap  on  air  pipe  on  dash. 

Oiler  pulley  on  crank  shaft. 

Transmission  complete  with  universal  joint  and 
coupling. 


98  Automobile 

891  Transmission  case  complete  with  cap  for  reverse 

bearing. 

892  Rear  main  bearing  sleeve  complete  with  univer- 

sal joint,  stationary  tooth  clutch,  gear  aoid 
annular  bearings  with  adjuster. 

893  Rear  main  bearing  sleeve. 

894  Lid  for  top  of  case. 

895  Winged  nut  for  lid. 

896  S tionary  tooth  clutch. 

897  Bushing  for  stationary  tooth  clutch. 

898  End  adjuster  ring  for  rear  main  bearing. 

899  Locking  keys  for  end  adjusters  for  main  bear- 

ing and  counter  shaft. 

900  Fillister  head  screws  for  locking  keys. 

901  Stud  holding  annular  bearing  on  stationary  tooth 

clutch. 

902  Felt  washer  in  long  bearing  end. 

903  Large  felt  washer  for  short  bearing  end. 

904  Small  felt  washer  for  short  bearing  end. 

905  Main  shaft. 

906  Collar  on  main  shaft  between  annular  and  clutch 

coupling  yoke. 

907  Counter  shaft  complete  with  gears. 

908  Counter  shaft  bearing  sleeve. 

909  Adjuster  for  counter  shaft. 

910  Collar  between  18  and  28  tooth  gears  on  counter 

shaft. 

911  Collar  between  28  and  34  tooth  gears  on  counter 

shaft. 

912  Collar  between  18  tooth  gear  and  annular  bear- 

ing on  counter  shaft. 

913  Collar  between  34  tooth  gear  and  annular  bear- 

ing on  counter  shaft. 

914  Counter  shaft. 

915  Reverse  shaft. 

916  Reverse  shaft  spring. 

917  Reverse  bearing  bushing. 

918  Reverse  bearing  plug  for  front  end* 


919 

920 

921 

922 

923 

924 

925 

926 

927 

928 

929 

930 

931 

932 

933 

934 

935 

936 

937 

938 

939 

940 

941 

950 

951 

952 

953 

954 

955 

956 

959 

960 

962 

963 

964 

965 


Catechism 


99 


Beverse  bearing  cap. 

Guard  for  sliding  reverse  pinion. 

Five-sixteenths  inch  dowel  pin. 

Plug  in  bottom  of  case. 

Large  rear  annular  bearing  on  universal  joint 
in  long  bearing  sleeve. 

Small  annular  bearing  in  long  bearing  sleeve. 
Annular  bearing  on  main  shaft,  in  front  of  case. 
Annular  bearings  on  counter  shaft. 

33- tooth  gear  on  stationary  tooth  clutch. 

Sliding  pinion  and  clutch  on  main  shaft  with  23 

and  17-tooth  gears. 

18- tooth  gear  on  counter  shaft. 

34- tooth  gear  on  counter  shaft. 

28-tooth  gear  on  counter  shaft. 

14-tooth  gear  on  reverse  shaft. 

19- tooth  gear  on  reverse  shaft. 

Tubing  for  shifter  rod. 

Stuffing  box  for  shifter  rod. 

Shifter  rod. 

Sliding  pinion  yoke. 

Pinion  shifter  connecting  rod. 

Pinion  shifter  connecting  rod  end  adjuster. 
One-half-inch  studs  for  main  bearing. 

Clutch  coupling  yoke. 

Upper  crank  case  of  engine. 

Lower  crank  case  of  engine. 

Crank  bronze  bushing  flywheel  end. 

Crank  bronze  bushing  gear  end  (short). 

Crank  bronze  bushing  gear  end  (long). 

Long  bearing  cap  flywheel  end. 

Short  bearing  cap  gear  end. 

Crank  bronze  bushing  under  hangers. 

Hanger  bearing  caps. 

Crank  shaft. 

Crank  shaft  gear. 

Cylinders. 

Loose  gear  cover  for  pump  and  cam  gears. 


100  A Automobile 

966  Hanger  bearing  studs. 

967  Timer  bracket  on  cylinder* 

968  Copper  liners  for  connecting  rods. 

969  Pistons. 

970  Piston  rings. 

971  Piston  pin  set  screws. 

972  Piston  pins. 

973  Connecting  rods. 

974  Connecting  rod  bushing,  upper  end. 

975  Connecting  rod  bushing,  lower  end. 

976  Connecting  rod  studs,  lower  end. 

977  Connecting  rod  stud  nuts,  lower  end* 

978  Connecting  rod  stud,  upper  end. 

979  Connecting  rod  stud  nuts,  upper  end* 

980  Cam  shaft. 

981  Cams. 

982  Cam  shaft  gear. 

983  Cam  shaft  bushings. 

984  Cam  shaft  bushing  cap. 

985  Valves,  both  intake  and  exhaust* 

986  Valve  caps. 

987  Valve  lifter  cages. 

988  Valve  lifters  assembled. 

989  Valve  spring  washers. 

990  Valve  springs. 

991  Valve  spring  washer  keys. 

992  Spiral  gears  % in.  bore. 

993  Spiral  gears  % in.  bore. 

994  Inlet  flange  connection  to  carbureter. 

995  Loose  inlet  flange. 

996  Double  tapered  nipples  for  inlet  and  exhaust 

pipes. 

997  Water  pipe,  horizontal  outlet  to  radiator* 

998  Water  pipes,  horizontal  inlet. 

999  Vertical  water  pipe. 

1000  Waterpipe  gaskets. 

1001  Water  pipe  studs  and  nuts. 

1002  Exhaust  pipe,  cast  iron. 


1003 

1004 

1005 

1006 

1007 

1008 

1009 

1010 

1011 

1012 

1013 

1014 

1015 

1016 

1017 

1018 

1019 

1020 

1021 

1022 

1023 

1024 

1025 

1026 

1027 

1028 

1029 


Catechism  101 

Exhaust  pipe,  front  section;  exhaust  pipe,  rear 
section. 

Clamping  bars  for  exhaust  and  inlet  pipes. 
Inlet  pipe  cast  iron. 

Inspection  plates. 

Inspection  plate  screws. 

Flywheel. 

Flywheel  countersunk  bolts  for  attaching  fly- 
wheel to  crank  flange. 

Flywheel  hexagon  bolts  for  attaching  flywheel 
to  crank  flange. 

Flywheel  bolt  nuts. 

Gear  pump  complete. 

Pump  case. 

Pump  case  cover. 

Pump  gears. 

Pump  gear  shaft,  long. 

Pump  gear  shaft,  short. 

Pump  packing  nut. 

Pump  packing  gland. 

Relief  cocks,  *4  in. 

Drain  cocks,  % in. 

Priming  cups. 

Spark  plugs. 

Spiral  gear  shaft  collar  on  upper  end. 

Spiral  gear  cover. 

Spiral  gear  timer  shaft. 

Spiral  gear  shaft,  lower  bushing. 

Spiral  gear  shaft,  upper  bushing. 

Crank  case  vent. 


PART  II 

REPAIR  MANUAL 

INTRODUCTION 

Along  with  the  tremendous  increase  in  the  num- 
ber of  cars  on  American  streets  and  roads  there 
has  come  a similar  increase  in  the  number  of  own- 
ers who  prefer  to  take  care  of  their  own  cars.  Not 
only  is  there  a monetary  consideration  which  leads 
owners  to  be  their  own  garagemen  and  repairmen 
for  the  sake  of  economy,  but  the  truly  ardent  motor- 
ists take  as  much  pride  and  pleasure  in  caring  for 
their  inanimate  mounts  as  does  the  horseman  his 
four-footed  companion. 

The  great  advance  in  the  reliability  of  motor 
cars  as  a whole  and  the  effort  that  is  made  by  de- 
signers to  produce  cars  that  need  little  beyond  the 
occasional  adjustment  and  ordinary  care  to  keep 
them  in  good  condition  has  made  it  possible  for 
the  owner  to  be  free  almost  entirely  from  the  pro- 
fessional repairman.  Owners  in  general  are  de- 
sirous of  knowing  their  cars  and  repairing  them 
when  necessary  and  diagnosing  their  ailments  be- 
fore they  become  serious,  just  as  a mother  does  her 
child. 

Experience  has  shown  that  it  is  in  the  minor  ad- 
justments of  the  different  parts  of  the  car  with 
which  the  owner-repairman  has  the  most  difficulty. 
When  the  causes  of  improper  working  of  the  vehicle 
103 


104 


Automobile 


are  ascertained,  usually  it  is  a simple  matter  to 
remedy  them  with  the  simple  tools  at  hand  in  any 
owner’s  garage. 

In  the  following  pages  it  is  intended  to  outline 
the  more  common  troubles  of  the  gasoline  motor 
car,  showing  their  causes,  how  the  symptoms  may 
be  recognized  and  how  they  can  be  remedied  in 
the  easiest  way  with  the  common  tools  in  the  mo- 
torist’s repair  kit.  Among  the  commonest  causes 
of  trouble  are  misadjustments  of  such  parts  as  the 
carbureter,  magneto  and  so  on.  The  methods  of 
adjustment  and  repair  of  the  more  widely  used 
types  are  explained  and  illustrated. 

Likewise,  the  more  ordinary  difficulties  which 
obtain  in  the  motor  itself  are  dealt  with.  The 
methods  of  determining  valve  trouble,  valve  adjust- 
ment and  the  operation  of  valve  grinding  are  taken 
up.  The  last  chapter  will  be  found  particularly 
valuable  to  the  man  who  wishes  to  keep  his  tire 
bills  low,  showing  the  various  tire  ailments,  their 
causes  and  their  cure. 


I 

MOTOR  KNOCKS. 

No  piece  of  machinery  with  moving  parts  is  ab- 
solutely free  from  noise,  but  the  following  treats 
the  common  and  unnecessary  noises  or  knocks. 
These  may  be  classed  as  follows: 

1.  Early  Ignition  Knocks : 

a.  Due  to  spark  being  advanced  too  far. 

b.  Due  to  carbon  being  present  on  the 

cylinder  head. 

c.  Due  to  an  excess  of  fuel  fed  to  the  cyl- 

inder. 

2.  Loose  Part  Knocks: 

a.  Loose  connecting  rod. 

b.  Loose  wrist  pin. 

c.  Loose  piston. 

d.  Loose  flywheel. 

e.  Worn  cylinder. 

3.  Play  or  backlash  between  timing  gears  be- 

ing too  great. 

4.  Slaps. 

a.  Piston  ring  slap. 

b.  Valve  slap. 

5.  Push  rod  knocks. 

The  Ignition  Knock. — This  knock  when  present 
in  a motor  gives  a sharp  metallic  sound  similar  to 
that  heard  when  two  hammer  heads  are  lightly 
hit  together.  It  would  be  best  for  the  reader  to 
hear  this  sound  for  himself  by  advancing  the  spark 
105 


106 


Automobile 


as  far  as  possible  when  the  motor  is  pulling  up  a 

grade. 

The  Carbon  Knock . — Since  a carbon  knock  is 
due  to  the  presence  of  carbon  on  the  cylinder  head 
and  piston  top  and  since  the  knock  is  identical  with 
the  spark  knock,  in  sound,  it  will  be  best  to  tell  the 
characteristics  of  this  knock  by  the  characteristics 
of  carbon  being  present.  These  are  as  follows : 

First.  The  motor  will  not  pull  as  well  as  it 
should,  that  is,  it  will  labor  on  grades.  This  is  best 
expressed  by  saying  that  a loss  of  power  is  evident. 

Second.  The  motor  will  overheat  after  running 
perhaps  only  an  hour.  The  cylinder  underneath 
the  water  jacket  will  be  intensely  hot.  In  the 
summer,  of  course,  the  motor  becomes  hot  more 
quickly. 

Third.  The  motor  will  misfire. 

Fourth.  After  the  switch  has  been  turned  off  the 
motor  will  continue  to  run,  perhaps  a dozen  revo- 
lutions. 

Fifth.  A knock  due  to  carbon  is  only  heard 
while  explosions  are  taking  place  in  a cylinder. 

The  Fuel  Knock. — This  class  of  early  ignition 
knock  sounds  just  like  a spark  knock,  but  is  ac- 
companied by  misfiring,  backfiring  or  choking,  as  it 
is  called. 

The  Loose  Part  Knock. — Knocking  due  to  a 
loose  part  will  sound  much  louder  than  any  of 
the  above  mentioned  knocks  and  is  not  as  sharp 
or  metallic.  Should  a piece  of  gas  pipe  be  hit  back 
and  forth  against  two  spokes  of  a wooden  wheel, 
the  sound  heard  will  be  almost  the  same  as  that 
given  by  a loose  part. 

There  will  be  noticeably  more  vibration  of  the 


Be  pair  Manual 


107 


car  when  some  part  of  the  motor  is  loose  and  crank- 
ing is  not  as  difficult.  A loose  flywheel  makes 
clutch  releasing  difficult. 

Timing  Gear  Knock. — When  the  timing  gears 
have  too  much  play  or  backlash  between  them  a 
rattling  sound  is  heard,  very  much  like  the  rattle 
of  the  chains  of  a big  motor  truck.  When  the 
motor  stops  the  gears  are  heard  to  gently  hit  each 
other,  or  slam.  It  is  often  referred  to  as  a gear 
“slam.”  Noisy  timing  gears  may  usually  be  heard 
above  any  other  motor  noises. 

Slaps. — The  ring  slap  gives  a sound  characteris- 
tic of  itself  and  can  very  easily  be  distinguished 
from  other  motor  noises.  A piece  of  ordinary 
uninsulated  telephone  wire  being  hit  against  the 
channel  of  the  car  frame  sounds  very  much  like  it. 
Although  the  slap  may  be  heard  slightly  when  no 
explosions  are  taking  place  in  a cylinder,  still  the 
slapping  is  very  much  louder  when  the  cylinder  is 
firing. 

A reproduction  of  the  sound  of  a valve  slap  may 
be  had  by  tapping  the  face  of  a twenty-five  cent 
piece  on  a solid,  flat  piece  of  metal. 

Push  Rod  Knock. — This  clicking  sound  is  not 
much  different  except  in  volume  from  that  heard 
when  the  rod  hits  the  valve  stem  due  to  an  excess 
of  play  between  the  tappet  and  stem. 

CAUSES. 

The  Spark  Knock. — Should  the  motor  be  run- 
ning slowly  up  a grade  or  under  a heavy  load  and 
the  spark  advanced  too  far  (occurring  too  early), 
the  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  expanding  gases  to 


108 


Automobile 


push  the  piston  downward  and  the  desire  for  the 
piston  to  go  up  due  to  momentum  will  force  the 
piston  against  the  cylinder  wall.  This  rocking 
against  the  wall  continues  until  the  piston  has 
reached  the  bottom  of  its  stroke.  Although  the 
space  between  the  cylinder  wall  and  piston  is  ex- 
ceedingly small  (possibly  .004  inch),  nevertheless 
this  rocking  will  occur. 

The  Carbon  Knock. — This,  of  course,  is  due  to 
an  excess  of  carbon  on  the  cylinder  head  and  piston. 
The  carbon  deposit  is  not  smooth  but  particles 
protrude  here  and  there.  These  particles  become 
incandescent  or  red  hot  and  cause  the  incoming  gas 
to  explode  before  it  should.  This  early  ignition 
of  the  gas  causes  the  piston  to  rock  in  the  cylinder 
as  in  the  advanced  spark  knock. 

Since  carbon  is  a better  retainer  of  heat  than  the 
metal  of  the  cylinders,  it  is  evident  that  the  car- 
bon will  store  up  a lot  of  heat  that  would  ordi- 
narily be  transmitted  to  the  jacket  water. 

An  improperly  seating  valve  due  to  carbon  on 
the  seat  will  cause  apparent  misfiring.  However, 
the  valve  not  seating  properly,  allows  part  of  the 
gas  to  escape  in  the  compression  stroke  with  the 
result  that  the  explosion  is  very  weak,  giving  the 
impression  of  misfiring,  but  when  the  cylinders 
are  tested  it  will  be  found  they  are  firing  regular- 
ly. There  are  so  many  things  that  may  cause  mis- 
firing that  it  is  not  safe  to  say  that  it  is  caused 
by  carbon  alone. 

Overheating  may  be  attributed  to  a number  of 
things  other  than  carbon.  This  will  be  discussed 
later. 

Fuel  Knock. — Too  much  gas  being  fed  suddenly 


Repair  Manual 


109 


to  the  cylinders  causes  this  condition.  The  excess 
of  gas  not  being  able  to  get  out  on  the  exhaust 
stroke  remains  behind  in  a burning  condition.  This 
causes  the  early  ignition  and  hence  the  knock. 
Gas  merely  burning  does  not  expand  as  does  the 
exploded  gas  and  hence  lingers  in  the  cylinders 
with  the  exhaust  valve  open.  When  the  motor  is 
pulling  slowly,  open  the  throttle  as  wide  as  possible 
and  very  quickly.  The  knocking  will  immediately 
be  heard. 

A Loose  Part  Knock. — Earely  is  this  caused  by 
the  parts  being  poorly  fitted  at  the  factory,  but 
nevertheless  this  may  happen.  Usually,  however, 
insufficient  oiling  is  looked  to  for  the  cause  of  a 
loose  part.  Eunning  the  motor  with  too  little  water 
will  cause  the  parts  to  become  hot,  wear  rapidly 
and  then,  of  course,  knock. 

If  the  oil  in  the  reservoir  is  allowed  to  remain 
there  for  too  long  a time  without  change  it  may 
become  saturated  with  particles  of  carbon  and  these 
make  their  way  to  all  the  rubbing  surfaces  and 
scratch  them,  with  the  result  that  that  part  be- 
comes loose.  This  is  true  especially  of  composition 
metal  bearings.  Clutch  thrust  will  sometimes 
cause  a loose  flywheel. 

Timing  Gear  Knocks . — This  is  more  often  due 
to  insufficient  oiling  than  to  poor  case  hardening 
or  to  being  poorly  fitted.  All  factories  allow  a 
certain  amount  of  backlash  between  all  gears,  but 
that  means  that  the  gears  must  be  oiled  well  when 
running. 

A defective  gear  tooth  will  break  off  and  nat- 
urally cause  a knock. 

Sometimes,  while  the  oil  in  the  gear  case  is  being 


110 


Automobile 


brought  to  level  a little  piece  of  dirt  may  drop  into 
the  case.  This  will  also  cause  the  gears  to  become 
noisy  later. 

Slaps. — Although  the  valves  should  fit  the  seat 
perfectly  at  all  angles  still  this  is  not  always  the 
case. 

The  ring  slap  may  be  caused  in  either  of  two 
ways,  as  follows:  Should  there  be  any  play  what- 
ever (up  or  down  play)  between  the  ring  and  its 
groove,  the  latter  will  slap  against  the  groove  walls. 
Second,  should  the  rings*  ends  touch  each  other 
the  ring  will  be  forced  against  the  cylinder  wall, 
emitting  the  same  sound. 

Push  Rod  Knock . — This  is  largely  due  to  the 
rod  being  poorly  fitted  to  the  guide,  but  insuffi- 
cient oiling  will  increase  the  looseness  rapidly.  The 
loose  rod  being  thrown  against  its  guide  by  the  cam 
causes  the  knocking  to  be  heard. 

DETERMINING  THE  KNOCK. 

It  is  not  customary  in  all  cases  to  depend  en- 
tirely upon  sound  to  determine  just  what  is  caus- 
ing the  motor  to  knock,  and  now  since  the  char- 
acteristics and  causes  of  motor  knocks  have  been 
enumerated,  it  will  not  be  difficult  to  locate  the 
knock,  by  a process  of  elimination  as  follows : 

Let  us  say  that  the  motor  is  pulling  and  a knock 
is  heard  that  cannot  be  distinguished  by  its  sound. 
The  spark  should  be  retarded  fully  and  should  the 
knocking  cease  it  naturally  follows  that  the  spark 
was  advanced  too  far.  The  spark  connections 
should  be  examined  and  all  play  taken  up.  Should 
the  knocking  continue  with  the  spark  lever  re- 


Repair  Manual 


111 


tarded,  carbon  symptoms  should  be  looked  for.  The 
car  should  be  run  up  a grade  with  the  spark  fully 
retarded,  and  if  the  motor  labors  greatly  it  may 
be  that  carbon  is  in  the  cylinders.  Note  if  the 
motor  is  overheated,  that  is,  if  the  water  is  steam- 
ing and  the  cylinders  are  too  hot  to  be  touched. 
However,  these  are  not  to  be  taken  as  final,  unless 
it  is  seen  that  the  cylinders  are  receiving  the 
proper  amount  of  oil  and  that  the  water  in  the 
radiator  has  not  run  too  low,  for  these  conditions 
also  cause  overheating.  Look  for  water  or  oil  leaks. 

Since  a carbon  knock  will  not  be  heard  unless 
explosions  are  taking  place  in  a cylinder,  it  fol- 
lows that  the  motor  should  be  run  on  one  cylinder 
at  a time  and  the  knock  listened  for  in  each  cyl- 
inder. In  the  case  of  a motor  with  knife  switches 
this  is  an  easy  matter.  Simply  open  three  switches 
at  a time.  If  the  knocking  is  heard  while  the 
cylinder  is  running  idle  it  is  not  due  to  carbon. 
All  the  cylinders  should  be  tested  in  this  way. 

When  the  motor  has  no  knife  switches  each  cyl- 
inder should  be  short-circuited  with  a hammer  by 
placing  the  head  of  it  against  the  top  of  the  spark 
plug  and  touching  the  cylinder.  In  this  case  each 
cylinder  is  run  idle,  and  hence,  if  the  knocking  dis- 
appears, there  may  be  carbon  present.  If  the 
knocking  continues  with  the  cylinder  running  idle, 
the  knocking  is  not  due  to  carbon,  but  to  some 
loose  part. 

A look  at  the  intake  valves  (seen  by  removing 
the  cylinder  plugs),  will  tell  the  extent  of  any 
carbonization.  These  valves  are  kept  clean  by  the 
incoming  gasoline  vapor  and  should  they  be  heavily 
carbonized  (not  merely  sooty),  it  is  certain  that 


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Automobile 


more  carbon  exists  on  the  cylinder  head  and  piston. 
The  fan  should  be  operating  properly.  The  fan 
belt  should  not  slip  on  the  pulley. 

Of  course,  misfiring  may  be  the  result  of  a 
number  of  things.  For  example,  a rich  mixture,  a 
weak  mixture,  a sooty  spark  plug,  a poor  adjust- 
ment of  the  make  and  break  points  of  the  magneto 
(or  battery  coil),  or  a loose  wire.  So  it  follows 
that  these  various  things  should  be  looked  aftei 
before  it  is  said  that  the  carbon  is  causing  the 
misfiring. 

We  draw  from  the  above  then,  that  should  the 
oiling  system,  water  system  and  ignition  system 
all  be  in  proper  working  order  and  the  motor  shows 
a loss  of  power,  overheats  and  perhaps  misfires  and 
above  all,  knocks,  there  is  surely  a carbon  deposit 
on  the  cylinder  head.  The  motor  running  after 
the  spark  switch  has  been  turned  off  is  added 
proof. 

Of  course  the  fuel  or  gas  knock  is  usually  the 
result  of  poor  handling  of  the  motor,  but  neverthe- 
less all  the  throttle  lever  connections  should  be 
carefully  inspected,  for  play.  Sometimes  when 
the  throttle  lever  is  closed  the  butterfly  is  open. 
Then  when  the  operator  is  giving  what  he  thinks  a 
little  gas,  in  reality  he  is  feeding  too  much. 

Those  motors  operating  with  air  pressure  feed 
often  have  the  gasoline  under  too  great  pressure. 
If  such  is  the  case,  bring  the  pressure  back  to  its 
usual  gauge  pressure. 

A loose  part  will  always  knock  whether  explo- 
sions are  tafcing  place  in  a cylinder  or  not.  How* 
ever,  for  perhaps  twenty  minutes  after  very  heavy 
oil  has  been  put  into  the  reservoir  the  sound  may 


Repair  Manual 


113 


not  be  heard.  The  oil  takes  up  some  of  the  play, 
until  it  becomes  thinned  by  the  heat. 

It  is  almost  impossible  to  distinguish  between 
a loose  rod  and  a loose  piston  or  a worn  cylinder 
and  loose  wrist  pin  simply  by  the  knock,  for  it 
depends  entirely  upon  how  worn  these  different 
parts  may  be.  For  example,  a worn  cylinder  and  a 
loose  piston  produce  the  same  sound.  But  a rod 
worn  but  two  thousandths  of  an  inch  may  sound 
like  a wrist  pin  that  is  worn  perhaps  five  thou- 
sandths. 

Since  determining  exactly  what  part  is  loose 
requires  the  removal  of  the  cylinders  (except  in 
the  case  of  a loose  flywheel,  noisy  push  rod,  or 
valve  and  connecting  rod  lower  end  bearing),  it  is 
only  necessary  to  find  out  whether  any  internal 
part  is  loose.  In  doing  this,  the  throttle  should  be 
opened  wide  for  a few  seconds  and  then  suddenly 
closed.  The  knock  is  more  distinctly  heard  when 
the  motor  is  slowing  down.  Since  a loose  part 
knocking  is  aggravated  by  the  explosions,  it  is  well 
to  listen  to  each  cylinder  separately  or  cut  out  a 
cylinder  as  the  case  may  be  (that  is,  with  or  with- 
out knife  switches).  Speed  up  the  motor  and  then 
suddenly  close  the  throttle  while  listening  to  the 
separate  cylinders.  In  listening  put  the  ear  as 
close  as  possible  to  the  cylinder,  and  should  there 
be  a loose  part  it  will  be  very  distinctly  heard  as 
soon  as  the  speed  of  the  motor  is  increased. 

Since  it  does  not  take  very  much  time  to  inspect 
the  lower  connecting  rod  bearings,  this  should  be 
done  immediately  after  it  is  ascertained  that  a 
loose  part  knock  is  present.  To  do  this  proceed  as 
follows : 


114 


Automobile 


Drain  the  oil  from  the  reservoir  and  then  remove 
the  crankcase  cover,  or  hand-hole  covers.  One 
man  should  get  underneath  the  car  while  the  other 
operates  the  crank.  The  one  underneath  should 
place  his  forefinger  and  thumb  on  the  sides  of  the 
bearing  and  feel  for  play  in  any  direction,  while 
the  other  turns  the  crank  handle  slowly.  Should 
any  rise  and  fall  of  the  bearing  from  the  crank- 
shaft or  side  play  be  felt  the  bearing  may  be  con- 
sidered loose  and  will  cause  a knock. 

In  determining  whether  a knock  is  caused  by  a 
loose  flywheel,  the  frame  should  be  straddled  and  a 
firm  grip  taken  on  the  flywheel.  The  latter  should 
be  pulled  up  and  pushed  down,  and  if  any  play 
whatever  is  felt,  the  knock  surely  will  be  heard. 
The  flywheel  should  be  pushed  back  and  forth  side- 
ways (an  iron  bar  used,  if  necessary),  and  the  con- 
nections to  the  crankshaft  inspected.  Bolts  and 
nuts  usually  hold  the  flywheel  to  the  shaft  and 
these  should  be  very  tightly  drawn. 

If  the  lower  end  of  the  rods  are  tight  and  the 
flywheel  bearing  is  not  worn,  then  the  internal 
knock  is  due  to  a loose  piston,  worn  cylinder  or 
loose  wrist  pin,  and  to  determine  which  it  is,  and 
the  extent  of  the  looseness,  the  cylinder  must  be 
removed. 

After  this  is  done  the  wrist  pin  should  be  in- 
spected and  should  there  be  any  up  or  down  play 
whatever  the  pin  is  considered  loose  and  will  cause 
a knock. 

Then  the  piston  should  be  taken  off  and  fitted 
into  the  cylinder.  One  should  not  be  able  to  get 
a single  thickness  of  newspaper  between  the  piston 
and  cylinder.  This  space  should  be  so  small  that 


Repair  Manual 


115 


the  piston  cannot  be  rocked  even  a trifle  in  the 
cylinder.  Of  course,  it  cannot  be  determined 
whether  the  piston  is  loose  or  the  cylinder  worn 
until  both  are  measured  and  compared  with  the 
true  dimensions. 

Although  noisy  timing  gears  may  be  distin- 
guished by  their  sound  alone,  should  this  not  prove 
satisfactory  the  radiator  and  gear  case  cover  must 
be  removed  in  order  to  inspect  the  timing  gears. 
The  play  or  backlash  between  the  gears  is  meas- 
ured by  spreading  two  gears  that  mesh  with  a 
screwdriver  and  the  play  measured.  This  play 
should  not  exceed  .008  inch,  or  the  thickness  of  a 
sheet  of  newspaper,  doubled. 

The  valve  slap  is  determined  only  by  its  sound, 
but  one  can  tell  which  valve  is  slapping  by  com- 
pressing the  spring  while  the  motor  is  running, 
thus  preventing  the  valve  from  moving.  If  the 
slap  disappears  while  this  is  being  done,  you  have 
the  noisy  valve. 

The  ring  slap  is  best  heard  in  a cylinder  when 
that  cylinder  is  running  alone.  The  throttle  should 
be  opened  wide  and  then  suddenly  closed,  the  slap 
being  heard  more  distinctly  in  this  way.  When 
the  motor  has  no  knife  switches,  a hammer  should 
short  circuit  the  cylinder.  Here  the  slap  is  loud- 
est when  the  hammer  is  suddenly  taken  away. 

It  is  not  best  to  rely  upon  the  sound  entirely 
in  determining  a push  rod  knock,  since  the  rod 
is  removed  easily.  Should  one  be  able  to  place 
the  corner  of  a visiting  card  between  the  push 
rod  and  its  guide  the  play  is  said  to  be  in  excess 
and  will  cause  knocking. 


116 


Automobile 


If  there  is  uncertainty  as  to  which  rod  is  knock- 
ing, remove  all  for  inspection. 

CUEING  THE  KNOCKS. 

The  Spark  Knock . — All  the  spark  connections 
being  tightened,  it  remains  to  follow  this  rule  to 
avoid  spark  knocking:  Advance  the  spark  only 

with  an  increase  in  motor  speed  and  retard  with 
a decrease  in  speed. 

The  Carbon  Knock . — In  order  to  cure  a carbon 
knock  it  is  necessary  to  remove  the  troublesome 
carbon  from  the  cylinders.  This  should  first  be 
tried  without  removing  the  cylinders. 

When  the  car  is  in  the  garage  for  the  night,  pour 
about  one-third  tumberful  of  kerosene  into  the 
cylinders  through  the  pet  cocks  or  through  the 
openings  intended  for  the  spark  plugs.  Allow 
this  kerosene  to  remain  in  the  cylinders  all  night. 
Do  not  put  too  much  kerosene  into  the  cylinders 
as  any  excess  may  run  into  the  oil  reservoir  and 
make  matters  worse  later,  because  kerosene  is  very 
rich  in  carbon  and  gives  it  up  when  burning.  Fur- 
thermore kerosene  has  a cutting  effect  between 
piston  and  cylinder.  Crank  the  motor  twice  after 
injecting  kerosene. 

When  the  kerosene  is  allowed  to  remain  in  the 
cylinders  over  night  it  tends  to  loosen  the  carbon. 
In  the  morning  the  motor  should  be  run  with  throt- 
tle three-fourths  open  for  about  five  minutes,  thus 
permitting  any  loosened  carbon  to  blow  out.  The 
cut  out,  if  any,  should  be  opened  while  the  motor 
is  speeding.  Black  smoke  appears  at  the  cut-out. 

Should  the  kerosene  not  cure  the  knocking  ii 


Repair  Manual 


117 


remains  to  scrape  the  carbon,  and  this,  too,  should 
be  first  tried  without  removing  the  cylinders. 

For  this  operation,  three  varieties  of  scrapers 
are  to  be  used : One  for  the  top  of  the  piston,  one 
for  the  cavities  around  the  valves,  and  another  for 
the  cylinder  head.  The  degree  of  curvature  of  one 
of  these  should  be  as  near  as  possible  to  the  curva- 
ture of  the  cylinder  head. 

All  the  cylinder  plugs  should  be  removed,  and  as 
in  the  case  of  a Knox  or  any  motor  with  detachable 
cylinder  heads,  these  heads  should  be  removed. 

Too  much  scraping  should  not  be  done.  That  is, 
after  the  carbon  has  been  scraped  from  a given 
space,  do  not  keep  scraping  the  metal.  This  is 
injurious.  One  can  tell  when  the  scraper  is  touch- 
ing the  metal,  for  that  grinding  which  is  felt  when 
scraping  carbon,  disappears. 

After  the  carbon  has  been  scraped,  blow  out 
the  cylinders  with  compressed  air.  If  this  is  not 
at  hand  use  a tire  pump  to  generate  a draught. 
The  cylinder  plugs  should  be  replaced,  first  noting 
whether  the  plug  gasket  is  in  good  condition.  A 
little  common  stove  blacking  on  the  plug  threads 
will  prevent  any  compression  leak  and  is  much 
better  than  red  lead.  When  the  latter  is  used  it  is 
difficult  to  remove  the  plug  when  again  necessary. 

Should  this  method  not  prove  successful  in  re- 
moving all  the  carbon,  it  will  be  necessary  to  re- 
move the  cylinders.  This  is  the  most  efficient  way 
of  ridding  the  cylinders  of  carbon  and  therefore  the 
knock.  As  the  carbon  deposit  may  be  seen  by  look- 
ing into  the  cylinder  and  on  the  piston  top,  it  is  a 
simple  matter  to  scrape  only  the  carbon  and  not 
the  metal  surfaces  too. 


118 


Automobile 


The  three  scrapers  previously  mentioned  should 
be  used,  but  should  the  carbon  deposit  be  thick 
and  very  hard,  a flat  end  cold  chisel  may  be  used, 
but  very  carefully.  For  chiseling  the  cylinder 
head  a curved  chisel  should  be  used.  When  the 
greater  part  of  the  carbon  has  been  removed  with 
the  chisel  the  remaining  portion  should  be  scraped. 

The  end  of  one  scraper  should  be  used  for  re- 
moving the  carbon  in  the  ring  slots  and  on  the 
rings. 

In  removing  the  rings  a simple  method  is  as 
follows:  Take  two  pieces  (each  about  four  inches 
long),  of  an  old  saw  blade.  Force  the  ring  ends 
out  as  far  as  you  can  and  by  slight  bending  place 
one  of  the  pieces  of  blade  under  the  ring.  Slide 
this  piece  around  until  half  way  around  the  piston. 
The  other  piece  of  blade  is  easily  slipped  behind 
the  ring  right  next  to  the  first  piece.  The  blades 
are  then  moved  around  until  the  ring  is  resting 
on  the  blades  only  and  the  ring  is  then  slid  off 
the  piston,  the  blades  being  used  as  tracks. 

It  is  customary,  after  the  carbon  has  been  scraped 
to  grind  the  valves.  But  this  operation  will  be 
taken  up  in  another  article. 

The  Fuel  Enoch. — All  the  carbureter  connec- 
tions should  be  carefully  looked  after  for  any  play, 
and  this  play  taken  up.  The  float  should  not  leak. 
It  should  be  seen  that  when  the  throttle  on  the 
steering  post  is  moved,  the  connections  to 
the  carbureter  move  proportionately.  Since  this, 
like  the  spark  knock  is  usually  due  to  the  poor 
operation  of  the  motor  it  would  be  proper  to  say 
that  the  gas  should  be  fed  slowly.  That  is,  do  not 
open  the  throttle  suddenly  and  as  wide  as  possible 


Repair  Manual 


119 


when  the  motor  is  running  slowly.  The  speed 
should  be  increased  gradually. 

Loose  Parts  Knocks — The  Connecting  Rod . — 
Should  the  one  inspecting  the  rod  bearings  from 
underneath  (that  is,  the  lower  rod  bearings),  find 
any  play  whatever,  in  any  direction,  this  play 
must  be  taken  up.  However,  this  can  only  be 
done  by  removing  the  connecting  rod.  Of  course, 
the  cylinder  and  piston  must  first  be  removed  and 
by  taking  off  one,  two,  three  or  four  (as  the  case 
may  be)  nuts  and  bolts  that  hold  the  two  parts  of 
the  rod  together,  the  rod  is  slipped  through  the  hole 
over  which  the  cylinder  rests.  Any  end  play  may 
be  taken  up  in  a makeshift  way  by  slightly  tap- 
ping the  flange  at  the  ends  of  the  bearing,  thereby 
spreading  it,  that  is,  by  making  it  longer.  Do 
not  spread  the  bearing  too  much.  Spread  a little 
and  then  see  if  it  fits  the  crankshaft  without  play. 
If  not,  spread  a little  more,  and  so  on. 

In  order  to  remove  any  up  and  down  play  it  is 
necessary  to  thin  the  shim  that  rests  between  the 
bearing  halves.  This  shim  usually  is  in  two  parts. 
The  shim  parts  should  be  filed  at  the  same  time. 
Good  filing  is  necessary  as  the  shim  should  be  per- 
fectly level.  The  filing  should  be  done  with  a flai 
mill  file.  The  usual  precaution  must  be  noted  and 
that  is,  do  not  file  too  much.  File  just  a little 
and  see  if  the  bearing  fits  the  crank-shaft  without 
play.  Of  course,  the  bearing  should  first  be  placed 
on  the  rod. 

There  should  be  no  play  in  any  direction  and 
still  the  rod  must  move  freely.  After  the  bearing 
is  made  to  fit  it  should  be  oiled  well. 

The  upper  connecting  rod  bearing  or  the  one 


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Automobile 


upon  which  the  wrist  pin  rests  usually  is  not  ad- 
justable; and  should  there  be  any  wear,  the  bear- 
ing should  be  replaced  with  a new  one.  How- 
ever, in  the  case  of  excess  end  play  the  bearing 
may  be  spread  as  with  the  lower  bearing.  The 
bearing  should  be  well  cleaned  before  being  re- 
placed. 

In  placing  the  rod  back  in  position  the  nuts  at 
the  lower  end  should  be  properly  tightened.  This 
will  insure  perfect  fitting  between  both  halves  of 
the  rod.  The  nuts  should  not  be  drawn  too  tightly 
for  this  may  spring  the  bolt;  that  is,  stretch  the 
bolt.  When  there  is  more  than  one  of  the  nuts 
they  should  be  tightened  in  harmony.  That  is,  first 
tighten  one  a little  and  then  tighten  the  opposite 
one  just  as  much. 

The  Wrist  Pin. — Should  the  wrist  pin  have 
caused  the  piston  to  wear,  or  better  still,  should 
there  be  any  play  other  than  side  play  between  pin 
and  piston  the  only  way  it  can  be  remedied  is  to 
replace  either  pin  or  piston.  The  former  is  the 
easiest  and  cheapest,  and  necessitates  the  boring 
of  the  pin  bearing  to  fit  the  new  pin  or  the  truing 
of  the  pin  to  fit  the  bearing.  The  latter  is  the 
simplest. 

Loose  Piston  and  Worn  Cylinder. — These  may  be 
spoken  of  together,  for  in  either  event  the  piston 
will  be  loose.  This  necessitates  the  replacement  of 
one  part  or  the  other.  Replacing  the  piston  is  the 
cheapest  and  easiest,  of  course.  This  should  be 
done  by  the  factory  for  the  piston  must  be  “ jacked 
in”;  that  is,  ground  to  fit  the  cylinder  perfectly. 

Loose  Flywheel. — A flywheel  that  has  up  anc 
down  play  due  to  a worn  bearing  can  be  repaired 


Repair  Manual 


121 


by  rescraping  or  replacing  the  bearing.  Should, 
however,  the  play  exist  between  the  flywheel  and 
its  flange,  the  nuts  and  bolts  holding  the  wheel 
should  be  replaced  or  the  old  ones  shimmed  under. 
These  bolts  are  usually  sprung  when  the  flywheel 
becomes  loose,  and  require  replacing.  However,  a 
shim  between  the  flange  and  wheel  may  be  satis- 
factory also.  In  any  event  the  wheel  must  be  re- 
moved. 

Timing  Gear  Backlash . — There  is  no  efficient 
method  of  decreasing  the  play  between  timing 
gears  without  replacing  the  worn  gears. 

Slaps . — A valve  slap  is  usually  remedied  by 
turning  the  valve  around  while  the  motor  is  run- 
ning. A certain  position  may  be  found  that  will 
seat  the  valve  properly  and  eliminate  the  slap. 
However,  if  this  is  not  successful  the  valve  should 
be  ground  in.  The  push  rod  should  then  be  prop- 
erly adjusted. 

The  ring  slap  requires  a little  more  pains,  for 
the  cylinder  must  be  removed  and  a careful  exam- 
ination made  of  the  piston  rings,  for  those  that 
display  up  and  down  play.  If  such  a ring  is  found 
make  a note  of  it  for  this  may  be  remedied  as 
will  be  shown  later.  Say,  ring  number  so  and  so 
(counting  from  the  bottom)  has  up  and  down  play. 
The  rings  are  then  removed  from  the  piston  each 
one  being  marked  with  chalk  telling  from  which 
slot  it  was  removed,  and  from  which  piston. 

Inspect  the  ends  of  the  rings  carefully  and  note 
if  any  metallic  lustre  appears.  This  is  evidence 
that  the  ends  have  been  rubbing  against  each  othei 
causing  the  troublesome  slap.  In  any  event  the 
diameter  of  the  ring  should  be  measured  with  in- 


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Automobile 


side  calipers.  Place  the  ring  on  a flat  surface, 
then  measure  the  diameter  of  the  slot  from  which 
it  was  taken  and  stretch  or  contract  the  ring  until 
it  measures  this  diameter.  While  in  this  position 
measure  the  distance  between  the  ring  ends  with 
a thickness  gauge  and  should  this  be  less  than  the 
factory  allows  (usually  .055  in.)  file  the  ends  un- 
til they  show  this  distance.  Find  out  what  dis- 
tance the  factory  allows  between  the  ring  ends, 
for  filing  too  much  may  be  harmful.  To  file 
properly  the  ring  should  be  placed  in  a vise  so 
that  one  end  is  free.  A very  fine  file  should  be 
placed  between  the  ends  and  the  free  end  then 
brought  in  contact  with  the  file.  Then  begin  to  file. 
This  method  facilitates  getting  the  ends  parallel. 
Do  not  file  too  much,  but  do  a little  and  then  re- 
measure the  distance,  continuing  this  alternate 
operation  until  the  required  distance  has  been  filed. 

Now  any  ring  that  may  have  developed  up  and 
down  play  may  be  thought  about.  Since  the  rings 
have  been  marked,  showing  their  proper  positions, 
it  will  not  confuse  one  to  interchange  the  rings. 
This  should  be  done  trying  to  fit  all  the  rings  in 
the  slots  perfectly.  After  trying  many  combina- 
tions and  there  still  remains  a loose  ring  it  re- 
mains to  get  a new  one.  A new  ring  must  be 
“lapped  in,”  that  is,  ground  to  fit  the  slot  snugly. 
To  do  this  the  ring  is  placed  on  an  absolutely  level 
metal  surface  that  has  been  sprinkled  with  emery 
dust  and  water,  making  a paste.  A block  of  wood 
is  then  placed  on  top  of  the  ring  to  carry  the  ring 
back  and  forth  on  the  lapping  table.  In  this  way 
the  ring  is  ground. 

Should  the  rings  all  be  fitted,  the  cylinder  wall 


Repair  Manual 


123 


and  piston  should  be  carefully  cleaned  and  oiled, 
before  being  replaced.  The  cylinder  nuts  should 
be  tightened  in  the  same  way  that  the  connecting 
rod  nuts  should  be.  This  has  been  discussed  in  a 
preceding  paragraph. 

Push  Rod  Knocks. — If  the  faulty  push  rod  is 
located,  it  of  course,  does  not  require  the  removal 
of  all,  but  even  so  it  will  be  well  to  remove  all 
rod  guides  for  examination. 

A little  play  is  always  found  between  the  rod 
proper  and  its  guide,  but  .003  is  about  the  limit 
allowed.  A makeshift  way  to  take  up  this  play  is 
to  spring  the  guide  by  squeezing  the  ends  lightly 
together,  in  a vise,  just  the  least  bit.  This  will 
make  the  guide  loose  in  the  crankcase,  but  this  can 
be  overcome  by  placing  a piece  of  very  thin  metal 
around  the  guide  at  the  top.  The  guide  should  fit 
tightty,  but  must  be  loose  enough  to  be  put  in  posi- 
tion by  slight  tapping  with  a hammer  handle.  Do 
not  pound  it  in  place.  Other  than  this  method, 
only  the  replacement  of  either  guide  or  rod  will 
cure  the  knocking. 

Conclusion. — Should  any  knock  whatever  be 
heard  coming  from  a motor,  even  though  slight, 
the  matter  should  be  looked  into  immediately.  Since 
a knock  is  caused  by  two  parts  hitting  together, 
and  since  two  things  coming  together  cause  rapid 
wear,  it  follows  that  the  sooner  the  knocking  is 
cured  the  less  the  parts  will  wear. 


II. 

CARBURETION. 

Since  the  carbureter  is  a means  of  properly  sup- 
plying and  mixing  gasoline  or  other  fuel  and  air, 
it  is  evident  that  any  carbureter  trouble  is  due  to 
too  much  or  too  little  air  or  fuel  being  fed  to  the 
cylinders.  In  order  to  do  its  work  properly  the 
carbureter  must  permit  the  pistons  to  suck  into 
the  cylinders  an  explosive  mixture,  that  is  a mix- 
ture that  contains  the  proper  amount  of  sprayed 
gasoline  and  air.  A mixture  containing  too  much 
or  too  little  gasoline  acts  similar  to  one  contain- 
ing too  much  or  too  little  air.  Such  mixtures  burn 
slowly  and  the  flame  sticks  to  the  side  of  the  cyl- 
inder. Now,  as  soon  as  the  intake  valve  opens,  the 
flame  ignites  the  incoming  gas  with  the  result  that 
there  is  pre-ignition.  A good  mixture  explodes  or 
burns  very  rapidly. 

It  remains  then  to  cure  curbureter  trouble  by 
properly  proportioning  the  gasoline  and  air.  As 
has  been  stated  in  the  preceding  pages,  most  cur- 
bureters  have  two  air  intake  passages  and  one  or 
more  gasoline  nozzles.  One  of  the  air  passages  is 
fixed,  that  is,  the  opening  is  constant  and  remains 
so  while  the  engine  is  running.  The  other  air  pas- 
sage, called  the  auxiliary  or  supplementary  air 
and  offers  variable  openings. 

Let  us  take  a motor  which  is  missing  fire  and 
the  cause  determined  as  the  curbureter  being  out 
of  adjustment.  There  are  two  systems  to  follow: 
124 


125 


Repair  Manual 

one,  to  confine  the  attention  to  the  air  at  first, 
and  the  other  to  look  to  the  spray  nozzle.  Either 
is  satisfactory.  We  will  take  up  the  method  ol 
testing  the  air.  The  first  thing  to  do  is  to  open 
the  throttle  about  one-quarter,  and  then  lightly 
press  the  auxiliary  valve  downward  or  inward  as 
the  case  may  be.  Should  the  motor  stop,  then  it  is 
evident  that  too  much  air  was  being  fed  for  the 
instant.  Start  the  motor  again  and  this  time  close 
the  auxiliary  air  valve  slightly.  Not  too  much,  but 
just  the  least  fraction  of  an  inch.  The  motor  in 
this  case  may  go  faster.  Should  it  do  this,  it  is  a 
clear  case  of  the  carbureter  feeding  too  much  air 
previously.  If  it  does  not,  but  instead  slows  down 
or  stops  then  the  nozzle  should  be  looked  to,  the 
method  to  be  described  later. 

Granting  that  the  carbureter  has  been  feeding 
too  much  air,  the  next  step  is  to  remove  the  aux- 
iliary air  valve.  This  valve  is  held  in  place  usually 
by  screws.  With  it  removed,  it  should  be  examined 
to  see  just  how  far  the  valve  is  permitted  to  open. 
Press  the  spring  downward  as  far  as  possible  and 
measure  the  opening.  Let  the  spring  back  and 
touch  it  lightly.  Notice  if  it  sticks.  The  object 
one  should  remember  is  to  feed  less  air.  To  do 
this  take  the  auxiliary  air  valve  apart  and  stretch 
the  spring  slightly.  Usually  there  is  an  inner 
spring  which  determines  the  extent  of  the  valve 
opening.  Stretch  this  a little  also.  Clean  all  the 
parts  thoroughly.  Fit  the  valve  proper  back  into 
its  place  alone  and  notice  if  it  moves  freely.  It 
should  not  stick  at  any  point. 

With  the  parts  thoroughly  clean  replace  them 
and  then  the  entire  air  valve.  Start  the  motor 
again  and  if  it  misses  fire,  ascertain  by  opening  or 


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Automobile 


closing  the  valve  whether  it  is  getting  too  much 
or  too  little  air.  If  too  much  then  the  springs 
were  not  stretched  enough.  If  too  little  then  take 
the  valve  out  and  compress  the  springs  slightly. 

However,  if  no  air  adjustment  will  help,  look 
to  the  needle  valve.  No  one  knows  just  which 
way  to  turn  the  valve  in  order  to  prevent  missing. 
However,  black  smoke  at  the  exhaust  is  taken  as 
an  indication  of  too  rich  a mixture. 

Close  the  valve  just  a little.  If  the  motor 
speeds  up,  close  it  some  more,  in  fact  keep  closing 
the  valve,  just  a little  at  a time  until  the  motor 
just  begins  to  slow  down.  Then  turn  the  valve 
back  a little.  The  object  is  to  get  the  motor  run- 
ning as  fast  as  possible,  idle,  with  a given  throttle 
setting.  If  after  closing  the  needle  valve  slightly 
the  motor  slowed  down  a little  it  is  evidence  that 
the  needle  should  have  been  turned  the  other  way, 
that  is,  open,  so  as  to  give  the  motor  more  gaso- 
line. In  turning  the  valve  open,  it  should  be  done 
a little  at  a time  until  the  motor  is  running  as  fast 
as  it  possibly  can  with  the  throttle  unmoved. 

Thus  far  only  adjustments  with  the  motor  oper- 
ating idle  have  been  discussed.  Often  a motor  will 
run  perfectly  when  idle,  but  will  misfire  when 
pulling  a load.  The  method  then  consists  in  stop- 
ping the  car  and  either  closing  or  opening  the 
.needle  valve  slightly.  Try  closing  the  valve,  first. 
Close  it  slightly  and  then  start  the  car.  If  the 
trouble  is  aggravated,  stop  the  car  and  open  the 
valve  slightly.  The  writer  cannot  impress  too 
strongly  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  tell  from 
the  seat  just  which  way  to  turn  the  needle  valve. 
One  must  try  both  ways  and  see  which  gives  the 
best  results. 


Repair  Manual 


127 


In  the  Bayfield  carbureter  shown  in  Fig.  1 
there  are  two  fuel  adjustments,  one  called  the  low 
and  the  other  the  high-speed  jet  or  nozzle.  The 
object  of  the  low-speed  jet  is  to  give  the  proper 
mixture  at  low  motor  speeds  and  the  other  jet  feeds 
the  correct  mixture  for  high  speeds.  The  double 
jet  is  in  use  on  a number  of  other  makes  of  car- 
bureters also. 

Beferring  to  Fig.  1,  which  shows  the  Bayfield 
carbureter  and  its  various  adjusting  places,  there 


Figure  1 — Adjustments  of  the  Rayfield  double-jet  car- 
bureter. The  low  speed  jet  is  shown  at  M and  the 
high  speed  jet  at  S. 

is  a dash  adjustment  and  this  is  placed  in  neutral 
position.  This  is  determined  by  observing  that  the 
cam  is  out  of  contact  with  the  low-speed  screw 
M.  The  screw  is  next  loosened  until  the  arm  A 
begins  to  leave  the  cam  C.  At  this  point  the  screw 
should  be  turned  to  the  right  one  and  one-half 
turns.  The  next  step  is  to  adjust  the  auxiliary 
air  valve,  by  unscrewing  its  exterior  adjustable 
seat  about  y8  inch.  The  motor  is  started  and 


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Automobile 


throttled  as  low  as  possible.  The  low-speed  adjust- 
ment M is  then  turned  until  the  motor  will  operate 
as  fast  as  possible  and  smoothly  with  the  throttle 
closed,  in  which  position  it  was  set  previously.  If 
the  throttle  does  not  close  enough  to  permit  the 
motor  to  run  smoothly  and  slow,  the  throttle  stop 
on  the  reverse  side  of  the  carbureter  should  be 
loosened  a little.  The  throttle  is  now  opened  wide 


Figure  2 — The  Mayer,  a distinctive  type  of  modern 
carbureter  using  a dashpot  air  adjustment.  P is 
the  dashpot  and  N the  adjusting  nut. 


so  as  to  make  the  motor  speed  up  and  close  sud- 
denly. If  the  motor  acts  sluggish,  give  the  high- 
speed screw  S a turn  to  the  right  and  keep  turning 
to  the  right  until  the  motor  picks  up  quickly  and 
easily.  The  car  is  then  taken  on  the  road  and  it 
the  carbureter  pops  or  “spits,”  as  it  is  called,  give 


Repair  Manual 


129 


the  high-speed  adjustment  S a turn  to  the  left  or 
right.  First  try  one  way  and  then  the  other. 

There  is  one  type  of  carbureter  in  the  market 
which  is  unlike  many  of  the  rest.  It  is  the  Mayer 
and  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  2.  The  air  valve  on 
this  type  is  called  a dash  pot  and  its  adjustment, 
although  giving  the  same  result  is  different  from 
that  described  above.  To  adjust  the  Mayer  the 
following  method  is  employed:  To  give  the  car- 

bureter more  air  the  nut  N is  loosened  and  the 


Figure  3 — A carbureter  of  simple  adjustment  is  the 
Marvel  shown  above. 

dash  pot  P turned  to  the  left  very  slowly  until 
the  point  is  reached  where  the  motor  will  operate 
its  fastest.  In  getting  the  maximum  speed  with  a 
given  throttle  opening  by  giving  less  air,  turn  the 
dash  pot  P to  the  right  slowly.  The  needle  valve 
adjustment  on  the  Mayer  is  shown  at  M.  When 
this  is  turned  to  the  right  less  fuel  is  fed  and 
when  to  the  left  more  fuel. 

If  after  adjusting  the  dash  pot  both  right  and 


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Automobile 


left  without  good  results  try  adjusting  the  needle 
valve.  In  making  any  of  these  adjustments  do  not 
turn  too  much  or  too  quickly. 

Another  make  of  carbureter  which  is  in  common 
use  is  the  Marvel  shown  in  Pig.  3.  This  is  in  use 
on  a great  number  of  small  cars  and  the  method  ol 
adjustment  quite  simple.  The  needle  valve  Y 
should  be  turned  to  the  right  as  far  as  possible 
and  after  that  turned  to  the  left  two  turns.  This 
gives  the  carbureter  its  initial  needle  valve  setting. 


Figure  4 — The  Schebler  carbureter,  Model  O,  showing  its 
various  adjustments. 

The  air  adjusting  screw  M should  be  backed  out  or 
turned  to  the  left  until  it  just  stops  and  then 
turned  back  or  to  the  right  three  turns.  This  is 
the  initial  air  valve  setting.  With  these  adjust- 
ments the  motor  should  be  started  and  the  throttle 
opened  about  one-fourth.  Then  close  the  throttle 
slowly  and  get  the  motor  operating  as  slow  as  pos- 
sible. Turn  the  needle  valve  M to  the  left  until 
the  motor  runs  at  its  maximum  speed  with  the 
throttle  closed.  If  the  motor  stops  when  the  valve 


Repair  Manual 


131 


is  turned,  start  the  motor  again  and  turn  in  the 
opposite  direction.  The  object,  as  previously  stated, 
is  to  get  a state  of  affairs  where  the  motor  will 
run  as  fast  as  it  possibly  can  with  the  throttle 
very  nearly  closed.  With  such  a setting  the  maxi- 
mum power  is  obtained  from  the  fuel  and  the  con- 
sumption of  gasoline  as  small  as  possible. 

The  Schebler  carbureter  model  0,  is  shown  in 
Fig.  4,  and  its  method  of  adjustment  follows: 
First  be  sure  that  the  auxiliary  air  valve  is  seating 
lightly.  This  can  be  ascertained  by  pressing  on 
the  valve  with  a pencil.  Then  close  the  needle 
valve  B and  the  nut  C all  the  way,  but  do  not  try 
to  turn  too  much.  When  resistance  is  felt,  stop 
turning.  Then  turn  the  needle  valve  B to  the  left 
three  turns,  open  the  throttle  and  start  the  motor. 
Then  turn  the  needle  valve  to  the  right  until  the 
motor  operates  smoothly  with  the  throttle  nearly 
closed.  Open  the  throttle  about  one-fourth  and  if 
the  motor  pops,  screw  down  on  the  screw  A until 
the  popping  stops. 

The  nut  C is  designed  to  operate  the  high-speed 
jet  which  does  not  come  into  action  until  the  car 
is  traveling  at  about  25  miles  an  hour.  With  the 
low-speed  adjustments  made  the  next  step  is  to 
open  the  high-speed  jet  about  two  turns  and  start 
the  car.  If  at  high  car  speed  popping  is  heard, 
open  the  high-speed  jet  a little  more  and  so  on 
until  the  motor  runs  smoothly  and  on  all  cylinders, 
at  high  speeds. 

The  Stromberg,  type  C,  carbureter  is  another 
of  the  double-jet  type  and  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  5. 
The  low  speed  adjusting  screw  L should  be  turned 
up  or  down  until  the  spring  which  this  controls, 


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Automobile 


makes  the  valve  seat  lightly.  After  this  has  been 
done  the  screw  should  he  given  three  more  turns 
upward.  The  valve  controlled  by  the  screw  should 
begin  to  open  when  the  motor  is  running  at  about 
500  revolutions  per  minute  and  not  before.  The 
adjusting  screw  L is  known  as  the  low  speed  ad- 
justment. The  high  speed  adjustment  is  shown 
at  H.  The  nut  H should  be  about  1-16  inch  above 
the  small  lever  shown.  Should  the  motor  misfire 


Figure  5 — Visible  float  Stromberg  carbureter  showing 
the  low  speed  adjustment  L and  the  high  speed 
adjustment  H. 

at  high  speeds,  turn  the  nut  up  or  down  until  the 
misfiring  stops.  It  hardly  is  necessary  in  this  make 
of  carbureter  to  adjust  the  needle  valve  N,  but 
should  the  other  adjustments  not  cause  the  motor 
to  run  properly,  the  needle  valve  N should  be 
raised  or  lowered,  until  the  proper  mixture  is 
obtained.  By  turning  this  nut  downward  the  mix- 
ture is  made  leaner,  and  by  turning  it  upward 


Repair  Manual 


133 


a richer  mixture  is  obtained.  In  this  and  all  other 
carbureters  make  the  adjustments  slowly  and 
permit  the  motor  to  operate  a few  minutes  each 
time  an  adustment  is  made. 

The  methods  of  adjusting  the  distinctive  types 
of  carbureters  have  just  been  described,  but  very 
often  it  is  not  always  poor  adjustment  which  causes 
a carbureter  to  act  poorly.  A very  common  com- 
plaint is  water  or  dirt  in  the  fuel.  Dirt  is  more 
harmful  than  water  for  the  former  will  make  its 
way  to  the  needle  valve  and  clog  it  up,  thus  pre- 
venting the  fuel  to  flow  freely  to  the  mixing  cham- 
ber. It  is  good  policy  co  remove  the  gasoline 
line  once  each  year  and  clean  it  out  thoroughly 
by  passing  a current  of  air  through  it.  Get  the 
air  from  the  tire  pump.  The  gasoline  should  al- 
ways be  strained  through  chamois  preferably  and 
then  there  will  be  little  chance  of  any  dirt  or  water 
entering  the  tank. 

Quite  often  air  leaks  about  the  intake  manifold 
and  cylinder  plugs  will  cause  the  motor  to  misfire 
and  the  carbureter  is  blamed.  The  gaskets  between 
the  intake  header  and  cylinders  should  be  in  good 
condition  always  and  especially  when  the  header 
is  being  replaced  should  this  gasket  be  examined. 
It  is  best  to  use  a new  gasket  every  time  the  header 
is  put  back  on  the  motor. 

In  a number  of  instances  cork  floats  which  are 
used  in  carbureters  become  gas-logged,  as  it  is 
called,  that  is,  they  become  so  saturated  with  fuel 
for  such  a long  time  that  they  no  longer  float,  with 
the  result  that  the  motor  may  not  operate  at  all. 


III. 

IGNITION. 

Whenever  a motor  starts  misfiring  the  owner  of 
the  car  usually  places  the  blame  on  the  magneto. 
These  instruments  give  such  little  trouble  nowa- 
days with  so  little  care  that  one  wonders  how  they 
do  their  work  so  efficiently.  In  making  such  in- 


Figure  6 — View  of  Bosch  magneto,  showing  the  breaker 
points  B and  means  of  adjusting  N. 

struments  the  manufacturers  have  endeavored  to 
make  them  “foolproof.” 

The  most  common  magneto  ailment  is  due  to  the 
interrupter  or  breaker  points  being  poorly  ad- 
justed. These  points  are  designed  to  make  and 
break  the  primary  circuit  and  if  improperly  ad- 
184 


Repair  Manual 


135 


justed  may  cause  the  magneto  to  fail.  In  Fig.  6 
is  shown  the  location  of  the  breaker  points  B on  a 
Bosch  magneto.  These  points  continually  make 
and  break  and  in  order  to  do  their  work  properly 
they  must  be  perfectly  flat  and  smooth  and  when 
fully  open  should  be  about  15  thousandths  of  an 
inch  apart.  To  determine  this  turn  the  motor  over 
slowly  until  the  points  are  fully  separated  and 
then  insert  between  the  points  cardboard,  or  better 
still,  a thickness  gauge  to  determine  the  exact  dis- 
tance between  the  points.  Should  they  be  too  far 
apart  or  too  close  together  there  is  an  adjusting 
nut  provided  for  moving  the  points.  By  moving 


Figure  7 — Simms  magneto  with  distributor  cover  and 
breaker  box  cover  removed.  Dirt  on  the  segments 
C often  causes  misfiring. 

the  jut  N in  Fig.  6,  the  points  may  be  brought 
together  or  made  to  separate  farther.  After  the 
adjustment  has  been  made,  place  a few  drops  oi 
kerosene  upon  the  points.  This  should  be  done  al 
least  once  each  month  to  keep  the  points  free 
from  gummy  substances  for  these  tends  to  short 
circuit  the  points  and  thus  prevent  the  breaking 
of  the  primary  circuit.  The  method  of  removing 
and  resetting  this  and  other  magnetos  will  be  taken 
up  later. 


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Automobile 


In  Fig.  7 is  illustrated  the  Simms  magneto, 
type  SU4,  with  the  object  of  showing  the  location 
of  the  troublesome  parts  of  the  magneto.  The 
distributer  arm  M revolves  and  as  it  does  so  it 
makes  contact  with  the  segments  C on  the  distribu- 
ter cover.  Should  this  arm  or  the  segments  be 
dirty  the  result  may  be  that  the  current  will  not 
flow  and  hence  the  cylinder  will  not  fire.  It  is  a 
wise  step  to  examine  the  distributer  arm  and  the 
segments  a few  times  each  year  to  see  that  they 


are  perfectly  clean.  They  should  be  wiped  with  a 
clean  cloth  and  then  oiled.  A few  drops  of  oil  is 
sufficient.  The  cover  K of  the  breaker  box  removed 
shows  the  breaker  mechanism  and  the  breaker 
points  B.  As  before  stated  these  points  must  be 
adjusted  properly  and  clean,  before  the  magneto 
will  do  its  work  well. 


Repair  Manual 


137 


The  breaker  mechanism  of  the  Eemy  magneto  is 
shown  in  Pig.  8.  When  the  cam  is  in  the  posi- 
tion shown  the  flat  spring  S should  be  separated 
at  the  place  indicated,  by  1/32  inch  from  the 
arm  M.  The  platinum  points  C should  be  clean 
and  when  separated  there  should  be  a space 
about  15  thousandths  of  an  inch  between  them.  The 
points  are  adjusted  by  pressing  down  on  the  bronze 
spring  B and  then  turning  the  hard  rubber  screw 
D either  to  the  left  or  right  as  the  case  requires. 
Should  the  motor  misfire  with  the  spark  retarded 
and  while  running  at  slow  speed  the  screw  D should 


Figure  9 — Filing  the  platinum  points  of  the  Connecti- 
cut magneto.  The  breaker  box  is  fitted  with  a small 
hole  for  the  introduction  of  a file. 


be  turned  to  the  left  a quarter  turn.  If  the  motor 
misses  with  the  spark  advanced  and  the  motor  run- 
ning at  high  speed  the  screw  should  be  turned  to 
the  right  a quarter  turn. 

Should  the  breaker  points  of  the  magneto  be 
uneven  they  should  be  filed  flat  with  a very  fine 
magneto  file.  A fine  nail  file  will  do  just  as  well. 
In  the  Connecticut  magneto  the  filing  is  made  easy 


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Automobile 


by  the  introduction  of  a filing  hole  in  the  breaker 
box  as  shown  in  Fig.  9. 

Much  ignition  trouble  is  due  to  improperly  ad- 
justed or  dirty  spark  plugs.  If  the  electrodes 
of  the  plug  are  too  far  apart  or  too  close  together 
misfiring  may  result.  In  the  former  case  the  volt- 
age of  the  magneto  current  is  not  great  enough  to 
jump  the  gap  and  in  the  latter  the  gap  is  so  small 
that  the  spark  produced  is  of  insufficient  density 
to  ignite  the  gas.  Some  owners  look  to  the  plugs 
as  soon  as  the  motor  starts  to  misfire  and  this  pro- 
cedure is  not  at  all  wrong,  for  plugs,  are  liable 
to  fail  in  more  instances  than  the  modern  magneto. 
The  usual  gap  at  the  spark  plug  terminals  is  1/32 
inch,  but  this  figure  may  vary  according  to  the 
type  of  magneto  used  and  its  condition. 

Sooty  plugs,  that  is  plugs  whose  terminals  are 
covered  or  partially  covered  with  carbon,  may  cause 
misfiring.  The  electrical  resistance  of  carbon  in- 
creases as  the  temperature  increases.  When  a plug 
is  sooty  and  hot  the  carbon  offers  great  resistance 
to  the  flow  of  current  and  hence  there  is  a prob- 
ability of  the  spark  never  jumping  the  gap  and 
thus  causing  that  cylinder  to  misfire.  Again,  the 
soot  on  the  plug  may  become  incandescent  and  re- 
main so  for  a while,  and  as  soon  as  the  intake 
valve  opens  it  will  ignite  the  incoming  gas  and 
cause  a premature  explosion.  Sometimes  plugs 
become  so  sooted  as  to  short  circuit  the  terminals. 
That  is,  the  soot  covers  up  the  gap  in  the  plug 
and  in  this  case  no  spark  will  occur. 

In  four  unit  coil  ignition  such  as  the  Ford 
uses  the  improper  adjustment  of  the  coils  on  the 
dash  will  cause  missing.  On  top  of  each  coil  is  a 


Repair  Manual 


139 


platinum  vibrator  and  should  this  vibrator  become 
out  of  adjustment  the  cylinder  with  which  the  coil 
communicates  will  misfire.  This  adjustment  should 
be  such  that  the  cylinder  will  properly  fire  and  yet 
not  cause  arcing  at  the  points.  Continual  arcing 
may  result  in  the  burning  of  the  points.  All  con- 
nections from  the  coil  boxes  should  be  tight  and 
clean. 

Many  car  owners  are  afraid  to  remove  the  mag- 
neto for  cleaning  or  inspection  believing  that  it  is  a 
difficult  matter  to  replace  it  properly,  but  a few 
simple  instructions  will  enable  one  to  do  this  work 
without  confusion.  The  first  thing  to  do  before 
removing  the  magneto  is  to  note  in  which  direction 
the  breaker  box  is  set  when  the  spark  lever  is  in 
retard  position.  This  is  needed  later.  Let  us 
suppose  that  the  magneto  has  been  removed  and 
placed  on  the  bench.  Remove  the  distributer  and 
breaker  box  covers.  Turn  the  armature  shaft 
around  until  the  distributer  arm  is  on  segment 
No.  1 and  at  the  same  time  have  the  breaker  points 
just  separating  with  the  box  in  retard  position. 
Get  the  points  separated  and  then  turn  the  arma- 
ture shaft  back  so  that  the  points  touch.  The 
magneto  is  now  ready  to  send  a spark  to  cylinder 
No.  1.  The  next  step  is  to  get  cylinder  No.  1 
ready  to  receive  the  spark.  Turn  the  motor  over 
until  No.  4 exhaust  valve  is  fully  open,  and  both 
intake  and  exhaust  of  No.  1 closed.  The  flywheel 
at  this  point  should  be  on  or  very  near  dead  cen- 
ter. No.  1 cylinder  is  now  ready  to  receive  the 
spark  and  the  magneto  may  be  slipped  into  posi- 
tion. 

Not  long  ago  a man  entered  a repair  shop  with 


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Automobile 


his  car  and  complained  that  there  was  wax  running 
all  over  the  wiring  and  that  the  wax  appeared  to  be 
coming  from  the  coil  behind  the  dash.  He  claimed 
that  the  motor  misfired.  His  trouble  was  easily 
ascertained.  The  switch  was  left  on  battery  side 
and  the  heat  generated  by  the  current  caused  the 
condenser  wax  to  melt  and  run  out  through  the 
bottom  of  the  box. 


IV. 

VALVE  TROUBLES. 

When  valves  become  pitted,  or  when  they  are 
poorly  adjusted  trouble  is  bound  to  ensue.  Valves, 
to  do  their  work  properly,  must  open  and  close  at 
certain  periods  and  when  they  do  close  they  must 
seat  fully.  Should  the  valve  be  pitted,  the  effect 
will  be  that  there  will  be  a leak  when  the  valve 
is  closed.  A particle  of  carbon  imbedded  in  the 
valve  face  causes  the  valve  to  seat  improperly,  with 
the  result  that  when  supposedly  in  the  closed  posi- 
tion, the  mixture  from  the  carbureter,  in  the  case 
of  the  intake  valve,  will  flow  into  the  cylinder. 
Thus  a premature  explosion  may  take  place. 

The  usual  method  of  determining  whether  the 
valves  are  not  seating  properly  is  to  ascertain  if 
the  compression  is  good.  This  is  done  by  turning 
over  the  motor  until  resistance  is  felt.  This 
should  be  done  with  each  cylinder  and  should  the 
resistance  of  one  cylinder  be  less  than  that  of  an- 
other it  is  a sign,  usually,  of  an  improperly  seat- 
ing valve  in  the  cylinder  with  the  poor  compres- 
sion. But  it  should  not  be  taken  that  only  an  im- 
properly seating  valve  causes  poor  compression. 
Cylinder  plug  leaks,  insufficient  clearance  between 
the  valve  and  valve  tappet  also  will  cause  this  con- 
dition, so  it  remains  to  see  that  these  are  corrected. 
The  first  thing  to  do  in  regrinding  valves  is  to  get 
the  proper  material  and  tools  together.  Ordinary 
grinding  compounds  bought  in  the  supply  store 

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142 


Automobile 


consist  of  emery  dust  in  various  grades  mixed 
with  oil.  Ground  glass  and  oil  is  very  good,  but 
only  when  the  valves  do  not  require  much  grinding. 
It  is  good  for  finishing  which  will  be  described 
later.  The  other  necessary  equipment  is  a valve 
grinder,  or  if  not  at  hand  an  ordinary  screwdriver 
will  do,  and  a small  light  spring  such  as  used  on 
the  air  valves  of  carbureters.  A little  cotton  waste 
completes  the  equipment. 

The  valve  springs  are  removed,  together  with 
the  cylinder  plugs  above  the  valves  and  then  the 


Figure  10 — Method  of  valve  grinding:  using  a screw- 
driver. Note  the  cotton  waste  which  protects  the 
cylinder  from  the  entrance  of  dirt. 

valve  itself.  One  cylinder  should  be  worked  upon 
at  a time.  The  entrance  to  the  combustion  cham- 
ber should  be  plugged  with  cotton  waste  or  cloth 
to  prevent  any  of  the  grinding  compound  or  dirt 
making  its  way  to  the  cylinder  wall. 

Turn  the  motor  over  until  the  valve  tappet  is 
in  the  closed  position,  for  otherwise  the  valve  will 


Repair  Manual 


143 


not  seat  when  grinding  is  being  done.  Every  time 
a valve  is  ground,  the  motor  should  be  turned  over 
until  the  tappet  is  in  closed  position. 

The  next  step  is  to  place  a little  of  the  coarse 
grinding  compound  on  the  face  of  the  valve.  This 
is  done  with  a knife.  Then  place  the  light  spring 
over  the  valve  stem  and  put  the  valve  in  its  usual 
position  in  the  motor.  If  a screwdriver  is  used 
as  shown  in  Fig.  10  it  should  be  placed  between 
the  palms  of  the  hands  as  shown  and  the  hands 
rubbed  back  and  forth  so  that  the  valve  turns  only 
half  way  around  each  time.  Slight  pressure  should 
be  exerted  on  the  spring  so  that  the  valve  fece 
touches  the  seat.  Each  turn  of  the  valve  the  pres- 
sure should  be  released  for  a second.  This  opera- 
tion should  continue  for  about  two  minutes  and 
then  the  valve  removed  and  cleaned  thoroughly  in 
gasoline.  If  the  face  appears  an  even  gray  color 
throughout  then  no  more  grinding  is  necessary,  but 
if  there  are  little  black  spots  on  the  face,  grinding 
should  continue.  This  time  use  the  fine  grade  of 
emery  or  the  ground  glass  previously  mentioned. 
Keep  grinding  with  this  substance  until  the  face 
of  the  valve  is  of  the  same  gray  color  throughout. 

The  operation  of  grinding  should  be  done  to  all 
valves,  both  intake  and  exhaust,  and  it  will  be 
found  that  compression  will  be  better  and  the  motoi 
gives  much  more  power. 

Weak  valve  springs  often  give  much  trouble. 
When  a valve  spring  is  weak,  the  valve  will  not  seat 
properly  and  one  may  think  that  the  cause  is  due 
to  a pitted  face.  The  spring  should  be  taken  out 
and  stretched  slightly  and  then  replaced.  Some- 
times a spring  may  be  stretched  a number  of  times 


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Automobile 


but  still  the  valve  will  not  close.  This  is  due  to 
the  spring  temper  being  poor.  Excessive  heat 
around  the  valve  spring  usually  causes  this.  Such 
springs  may  be  retempered  by  heating  them  to  a 
cherry  red  heat  and  while  in  this  condition  plung- 
ing them  in  fish  oil. 

Poor  tappet  adjustment  is  another  ailment  which 
should  be  watched.  When  the  tappets  are  poorly 
adjusted  the  valves  open  either  too  soon  or  too 
late,  as  the  case  may  be.  In  adjusting  the  tappets 
a clearance  should  be  just  enough  to  permit  an 
ordinary  business  card  to  be  slipped  between  the 
tappet  and  valve  stem.  The  exhaust  valves  should 
be  given  a little  more  play  as  they  become  hotter 
and  expansion  at  the  tappet  is  greater. 


ar. 

FITTING  PISTON  EINGS. 


So  much  is  dependent  upon  piston  rings  that 
care  should  be  taken  in  fitting  them  to  the  piston. 

If  poorly  fitted,  either  too  loose  or  too  tight,  the 
results  when  the  piston  is  in  the  cylinder  may  be 
harmful.  Loose  rings  cause  a loss  of  compression 
and  permit  oil  to  get  above  the  piston  and  thus 
hasten  spark  splug  fouling  and  carbon  deposits.  «r 


Figure  11 — -Giving  a piston  ring  its  initial  fitting.  The 
ring  is  turned  in  the  direction  of  the  arrow. 

In  fitting  rings,  the  first  procedure  is  to  get 
grooves  in  the  piston  perfectly  clean.  With  the 
grooves  clean,  the  next  step  is  to  give  the  rings 
their  initial  fitting.  The  method  of  doing  this  is 
shown  in  Fig.  11.  If  the  ring  will  not  go  into  one 
groove  try  another  groove.  In  giving  the  initial 
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146 


Automobile 


fitting  always  fit  the  back  of  the  ring  first  as  the 
illustration  shows  and  then  move  the  ring  around 
in  the  direction  of  the  arrow  until  the  entire  ring 
has  touched  the  groove.  If  there  is  no  ring  that 
will  fit  any  groove  then  the  ring  must  be  lapped-in, 
the  method  to  be  described  later.  After  the  initial 
fitting  the  ring  should  be  inserted  into  the  cylinder 
to  determine  whether  the  ends  of  the  ring  are  the 
proper  distance  apart.  They  should  not  touch  when 
in  the  cylinder,  but  the  space  should  be  about  .015 
inch.  This  figure  varies  with  the  different  makes 


Figure  12 — Filing  the  ends  of  a piston  ring  to  prevent  a 
ring  slap. 

of  motors.  If  the  ends  touch  they  should  be  filled, 
as  shown  in  Pig.  12. 

The  next  step  is  to  make  the  ring  fit  the  groove 
perfectly.  This  is  done  by  lapping-in  the  ring. 
For  this  operation  a perfectly  flat  surface  must  be 
used.  A surface  plate  is  used  at  the  factories. 
Upon  the  plate  is  sprinkled  some  fine  emery  and 
enough  water  added  to  give  it  a pasty  consistency. 
The  ring  is  then  placed  on  the  plate  and  over  the 


Repair  Manual 


147 


ring  is  placed  a block  of  wood.  Grasping  the 
wooden  block  with  both  hands  the  ring  is  drawn 
back  and  forth  over  the  plate.  If  the  ring  will  not 
stay  under  the  wood,  cut  a little  groove  in  the  block 
so  that  the  ring  may  take  hold.  After  lapping,  as 
this  operation  is  called,  for  a few  minutes  remove 
the  ring  and  clean  it  thoroughly  in  gasoline  and 
then  fit  it  into  a groove.  Try  the  groove  which  it 
nearly  fitted  before.  If  the  ring  fits  the  groove 
by  the  method  shown  in  Fig.  11  then  it  should  be 
placed  to  one  side  and  marked  showing  the  groove 
and  piston  to  which  it  was  fitted. 


Figure  13 — Slipping-  piston  ring  over  the  top  of  the  pis- 
ton. The  ring  should  not  be  spread  more  than 
necessary. 

When  all  the  rings  have  been  lapped-in  and 
numbered  showing  the  position  they  will  occupy, 
the  next  step  is  to  place  them  on  the  piston.  The 
bottom  ring  should  be  fitted  first.  Fig  13  shows 
how  the  ring  should  be  placed  in  its  groove.  When 
it  is  in  position,  grasp  it  with  all  the  fingers  of  one 
hand  and  turn  it  around.  It  should  move  freely 
and  yet  there  should  not  be  any  play  up  or  down. 
If  there  is,  too  much  lapping  has  been  done.  If  it 


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Automobile 


is  tight  and  cannot  be  turned  around  it  should  be 
removed  and  lapped  a little  more.  If  it  is  a good 
fit,  the  ring  on  top  should  be  placed  in  position  and 
the  same  test  made. 

The  method  of  removing  a ring  is  shown  in  Fig. 


Figure  14 — Removing  rings  by  the  use  of  pieces  of  old 
blade  as  tracks. 

14.  Two  or  three  pieces  of  old  saw  blade  are  forced 
under  the  ring  at  its  ends  and  then  the  pieces 
pushed  around  as  shown.  The  ring  is  then  slid  ofl 
on  the  blades,  acting  as  tracks. 


VI. 

TIRES. 

THEIR  AILMENTS,  CARE  AND  REPAIR. 

Aside  from  gasoline  the  greatest  expense  in  the 
upkeep  of  a motor  car  are  the  tires,  and  much 
of  the  present  excessive  tire  wear  may  be  reduced 
by  the  owner  if  a reasonable  amount  of  precaution 
and  care  are  given.  There  are  ten  common  tire 
diseases,  which  are  due  to  wheel  out  of  alignment, 
under-inflation,  use  of  anti-skid  chains,  skidding, 
running  wheels  in  car  tracks,  neglect  of  casing  re- 
pairs, tread  cuts,  running  in  ruts,  stone  bruises,  use 
of  inside  protectors  on  new  tires.  These  will  be 
taken  up  in  order. 

When  a tire  is  on  a wheel  which  is  out  of  align- 
ment, the  result  is  that  the  tire  is  scraped  across 
the  surface  of  the  road  and  the  resulting  friction 
causes  the  tire  tread  to  wear  rapidly.  The  action 
of  the  tire  on  the  road  is  crosswise  at  the  same 
time  that  the  tire  revolves  with  the  wheel.  Thus 
the  tire  receives  its  usual  wear  plus  the  wear  due 
to  the  scraping.  The  tread  of  a tire  which  has  been 
run  on  a wheel  out  of  alignment  presents  a rough 
appearance,  that  which  would  be  given  it  were  the 
tire  held  against  an  emery  wheel  for  a while.  Some- 
times the  fabric  shows  in  places  and  this  is  espe- 
cially true  of  wheels  which  are  wobbly.  It  is  evi- 
dent that  since  an  out  of  alignment  wheel  causes 
excessive  tire  wear,  that  the  wheel  should  be  looked 
after.  It  is  advised  by  most  engineers  to  line  up 

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Automobile 


the  wheels  of  a motor  car  about  every  three 
months,  and  if  one  is  found  which  does  not  run 
true,  the  condition  should  be  corrected  immedi- 
ately. 

Perhaps  as  much  harm  is  done  by  running  a 
tire  under-inflated  as  by  anything  else.  Under- 
inflation,  as  the  name  implies,  means  that  the  tire 
is  running  with  insufficient  air  pressure.  Such  a 
tire  appears  usually  with  a series  of  hilly  blisters 
running  around  the  tread.  The  blisters  are  caused 
by  the  separation  of  the  fabric  from  the  tread 
due  to  the  excessive  heat  generated  in  an  under- 
inflated tire.  With  insufficient  air  the  flexing  ol 
the  walls  of  the  tire  causes  heat  to  be  generated  and 
this  heat  acts  on  the  cement  between  the  tread 
and  fabric  and  in  a short  time  the  two  separate 
causing  a blister  to  appear.  Even  in  the  summer 
a tire  should  not  be  run  under-inflated  as  many 
owners  imagine.  The  common  version  is,  that  if 
the  ordinary  pressure  is  80  pounds,  a reduction  of 
possibly  ten  pounds  is  made  for  summer  weather. 
The  belief  is  that  the  heat  of  the  atmosphere  will 
soon  raise  the  temperature  of  the  air  in  the  tire 
and  thus  cause  the  pressure  to  increase  to  the 
proper  point.  This  practice  is  not  advisable,  as 
there  is  undue  wear  on  the  tire  while  the  pressure 
is  being  increased  by  the  rise  in  temperature  and 
also  because  the  pressure  will  drop  as  soon  as  the 
tire  cools.  The  cure  for  under-inflation  need 
hardly  be  stated.  Keep  the  tires  inflated  to  the 
pressure  specified  by  the  maker,  which  is  usually 
20  pounds  per  inch  of  cross-section.  Thus  a 4-inch 
tire  should  carry  80  pounds’  pressure.  It  mat- 
ters not  if  the  pressure  is  a little  more,  but  it  does 


Repair  Manual 


151 


if  the  pressure  is  less  than  that  for  which  the  tire 
is  designed.  A tire  gauge,  such  as  is  sold  for  one 
dollar,  should  be  one  of  the  important  instruments 
in  the  motorist’s  tool  kit. 

When  anti-skid  chains  are  applied  to  the  tire 
too  loosely  or  too  tightly,  the  result  sometimes  is 
a cut  tread.  These  chains  should  be  placed  on 
the  tire  so  that  they  fit  snugly  and  then  no  mate- 
rial tire  wear  will  result. 

Running  a wheel  in  car  tracks  may  soon  cause 
the  sides  of  the  tire  to  become  chafed,  and  in  some 
instances  the  wear  is  so  much  that  the  tread  loos- 
ens at  the  sides  and  begins  flopping  around.  The 
same  appearance  may  result  if  the  car  is  driven 
very  close  to  the  curb  and  the  side  of  the  tire  made 
to  scrape  the  stone. 

Little  cuts  in  the  casing  often  result  in  the  cas- 
ing being  unfit  for  use  in  a short  time.  When  a 
small  cut  appears  and  the  tire  is  operated,  dirt 
and  water  is  permitted  to  get  underneath  the  tread. 
This  dirt  works  its  way  around  the  tire  under 
the  tread  with  the  result  that  the  tread  is  soon 
loose.  Water,  as  everyone  knows,  is  detrimental 
to  rubber  and  more  so  to  the  fabric.  Fabric  be- 
gins to  rot  in  the  presence  of  water.  The  small 
cuts  may  be  plugged  with  mastic. 

Often  a cut  appears  in  the  tread  and  an  inspec- 
tion finds  that  the  fabric  is  injured  also.  In  such 
an  instance  the  blowout  patch  is  the  first  resort. 
The  patch,  if  wrongly  applied,  sometimes  becomes 
wedged  in  the  fabric  cut  and  in  this  way  hastens 
a blow  out.  The  best  way  to  treat  a tire  with  a 
reasonably  large  tread  cut  is  to  have  the  cut  vul- 
canized immediately.  In  fact,  even  when  small 


152 


Automobile 


cuts  appear  these  should  be  vulcanized  at  the  first 
opportunity.  The  owner  may  say  that  the  cost 
of  having  the  tire  vulcanized  every  time  it  is  cut 
is  expensive.  It  may  seem  expensive  at  first,  but 
the  saving  in  tire  wear  and  repair  later  overbal- 
ances the  comparatively  small  cost  of  vulcanization. 

In  the  fall  especially  country  roads  present  a 
mass  of  hardened  ruts  which  play  havoc  with  mo- 
tor car  tires.  These  hard  indentations  house  the 
tire  for  a while  and  then  the  driver  will  go  over 
the  rut.  The  driving  in  and  out  of  these  ruts 
creates  a condition  which  puts  a tire  in  the  rut- 
worn  class.  The  sides  of  the  tread  begin  to  show 
rapid  wear  and  sometimes  the  wear  is  great  enough 
to  cause  a weak  spot  in  the  tread  with  the  result 
that  the  tire  blows  out. 

Stone  bruises  are  said  to  cause  a great  percent- 
age of  tire  failure.  When  a tire  runs  over  a stone, 
one  as  big  as  an  ordinary  man’s  fist,  there  is  a 
possibility  of  the  fabric  becoming  broken.  A 
broken  fabric  soon  causes  a blow  out,  so  it  remains 
for  the  driver  to  prevent  as  far  as  possible  run- 
ning over  such  stones.  The  smaller  stones  some- 
times present  sharp  edges  which  cut  the  tread  and 
thus  make  an  entrance  for  dirt  and  water.  Stone 
bruises  are  hardly  visible  from  the  outside,  as  the 
condition  is  one  of  a fabric  break  as  mentioned 
above.  The  result  of  a stone  bruise  may  be  seen 
by  examining  the  inside  of  the  casing,  which  will 
6how  clearly  that  the  fabric  is  injured. 

Some  makers  state  that  the  use  of  inside  pro- 
tectors on  new  tires  is  not  advisable,  as  these  ap- 
pliances create  an  undue  amount  of  heat  in  the 
tire  and  thus  hasten  wear.  For  old  tires  the  inside 


Repair  Manual 


153 


protector  is  perhaps  the  best  accessory  marketed 
for  lenghtening  tire  life.  Some  owners  have  ob- 
tained as  much  mileage  with  old  tires  and  inside 
protectors  as  they  have  from  new  tires  operated 
without  protectors. 


INDEX— PART  I 

A Page 

Acceleration  11 

Acetylene  11,  45 

Acetometer  12 

Active  coil  12 

Adams  motor  car 12 

Admission  pipes  for  explosive  motors 12 

Admission  valves 12,  13 

Air — composition  of  13 

Air  cooling  for  explosive  motors 13 

Air — proportion  of,  in  explosive  mixture 13,  15 

Air — resistance  of,  in  horse  power 14 

Alcohol — denatured 14 

Alcohol — wood 14,  86 

Alcohol,  as  a fuel 14,  15 

Aluminum  15 

Aluminoid  15 

Ammeter 15 

Ampere  15 

Ampere  hour — meaning  of 15,  16 

Armature  . 16 

Autogenous  welding 16 

Auto  meter  16 

Automobile — types  of 16 

Axles  for  automobiles 16,  17 

B 

Back-firing 17 

Ball-bearings 17,  18 

Battery — Dry 18 

Battery — Primary  18 

Battery — Storage  19,  20 

Batteries — How  connected 19 

Bearings — Hard  and  soft.... 20 

Brake — Differential  20,  21 

155 


156 


Index — Part  1 


Page 

Brake — Expanding  20 

Brake — Sprag  21 

Brakes — Classification  of  20 

Brakes — Equalizer  for 21 

Brakes — How  to  apply 22 

Break-downs — What  to  do 22-24 

Chain  broken  22 

Circulating  pump  stopped 23 

Gasoline  pipe  broken 23 

Miss-firing  cylinder  23 

Refractory  nut 24 

Steering  gear  disabled 24 

Trembler  blades  broken 24 

C 

Carbon  Deposit — Symptoms  of 25 

Carbureter — Classification  of 25-27 

Action  of  various  types 25,  26 

Function  of  25 

Float  Feed  26,  27 

Inspection  of  27 

Chain  drive — Double  27,  28 

Chain  drive — Single  28 

Change  Speed  Gear 28,  29 

Belt  and  Pulley  type 29 

Planetary  type 28 

Chassis — Meaning  of  29 

Circuit  Breaker  29 

Circulating  Pump  29,  30 

Clutches — Classification  of  30 

Combustion  Chamber 30 

Commutator  30,  31 

Compensating  Joint 31 

Compression  in  Explosive  Motors 31 

Current  Condenser * 31 

Contact  Breaker  31 

Cooling  of  Cylinders 31,  32 

Cylinders — Wear  of  32 


157 


Index — Part  f 

D Page 

Dalton's  Laws — Vapor  tension . . 32 

Deposits  in  cooling  space 32,  33 

Differential  Gear — Function  of 33 

Distributer — With  ignition  system 33 

Driving — Rules  for  34 

Driving  wheels  34 

Dynamometer 34 

E 

Efficiency  of  an  explosive  motor 35,  52,  53 

Electric  current — How  generated 36,  37 

Electric  Energy  per  lamp  candle  power 37 

Electric  Motor 37-40 

Compound  wound  38 

Essential  features  of 38,  39 

Horse  Power  of 40 

Series  wound  38 

Shunt  wound  38 

Speed  control  39,  40 

Troubles  in  operation.... 39 

Types  of  37 

Electromotive  Force  41 

Exhaust  of  explosive  motors 41 

Exhaust  Mufflers 41 

Expansion  of  exploded  gases 41 

Explosive  Motors — Types  of 42 

Cycle  of 42 

Double  cylinder 43 

Single  cylinder 42 

F 

Fibre — Vulcanized  43 

Friction — Definition  of 43 

Laws  of  43 

Prevention  of  in  bearings 44 

Fuels  for  Automobile  Use 44,  45 

Fuel  Consumption  45,  49 


158 


Index — Part  I 

G Page 

Gas  Producer  for  Automobile  Use 46 

Gases — Law  of  expanding 45 

Gasoline — Average  composition  of 44 

As  a mechanical  mixture. 13 

Carbon  deposits  from 45 

Explosions  of  47 

Fires  from — How  to  extinguish 47,  48 

How  affected  by  cold 63 

Whence  obtained  47 

Gasoline  Motor ..48-50 

Advantages  of  different  types 48 

Designing  of  48,  49 

Selection  of — Pointers  on 48,  49 

Gear — How  to  change  while  moving 49,  50 

Gear  case 50 

Generator — Meaning  of  term 50 

Forms  of  for  ignition  purposes 50,  51 

Governor — For  explosive  motor 51 

Graphite — Use  of  51,  59 

H 

Heat  value  of  fuels 51 

Heat  loss  in  explosive  motors 51,  52 

Horse  Power — Calculation  of 52 

Hub  construction  52 

I 

Ignition — Methods  of 53 

Correct  rule  for  handling 54 

Troubles  connected  with 54 

When  to  advance 53,  54 

When  to  retard 53 

Indicator  54 

Induction — Basic  principle  of 54 

Inertia — Meaning  of 54 

j 

Jackets  for  explosive  piotors 55,  62 


Index — Part  I 


159 

Page 

Jacket,  Water — Temperature  of 55,  56 

Joint — Universal  56 

K 

Kerosene— -Composition  of 44 

As  a fuel  for  explosive  motors 56 

Heat  vaue  of .* 56 

Ignition  point  of 56 

Uses  of  in  automobiling 56 

Knocking — Causes  of  in  motors 57 

Knuckle  Joints 57 

L 

Lamps — Acetylene  57,  58 

Leakage  of  current 58 

Leaky  pipes  58 

Loose  connections — Ignition  system 59 

Lubrication  59-61 

Lubricating  oils  59,  60 

M 

Magneto  61 

Manifold — Correct  design  for 61 

Motor — Two  part  62 

N 

Needle  valve  62 

Non-freezing  solution  for  radiators 62 

O 

Oil — As  a cooling  medium 62 

Offset  crankshaft  63,  64 

Advantage  of  64 

Object  of  64 

Timing  of  valves  with 64 

Overheating  of  cylinders 65 

Causes  of  65,  66 

Effect  of 65 

Remedies  for  66 


160 


Index — Part  I 

^ Page 

Packing  for  explosive  motors 66 

Paper  Shims 66 

Parts — Extra  to  be  carried 66,  67 

Picric  Acid — Use  of 67 

Piston  for  gasoline  engine 67 

Piston  displacement  67 

Piston  speed  67,  68 

Platinum  68 

Polarity  of  electric  terminals . . . . 68 

Porcelain  as  an  insulator 68 

Pounding  in  an  exposive  motor 68 

Pre-ignition — Causes  of  * 68 

Pump  68,  69 

Centrifugal  69 

Peripheral  velocity 69 

Testing 69 

R 

Radiator  69-71 

Advantages  of  circular  tube 69 

Cellular  type  70 

Honeycomb  type 70 

Square  feet  per  horse  power 70 

When  to  fill 70,  71 

Reversing  a car 71 

Rheostat — Function  of  71 

Rubber  Cement — Formula  for 71 

Rubber  Supplies — Care  of 71 

Running  Gear  72 

S 

Scratched  Cylinder — Repairing  72 

Screwdriver  72 

Secondary  current 73 

Self-firing  of  explosive  motor 73 

Shaft  drive  73 

Sparking  device  ..73,  74 


Index — Part  I 


161 

Page 

Cleaning  and  care  of 74 

Speedometer  74 

Springs — Care  of  74,  75 

Design  of 74 

Steering  gear  75 

Steam  Motors  75-78 

Advantages  of  75 

Boiler — Type  of 75 

Engines — Types  of  76 

Fuel 75 

Pilot  light  76 

Valve  gear  77 

Supplies  to  be  carried 77,  78 

Suspension — Three  point  78 

T 

Tachometer  78 

Tank — Capacity  of  in  gallons 78 

Tank — For  gasoline  78 

Testing  ignition  batteries 78,  79 

Tire — Single  tube — Double  tube 79 

Tonneau — Meaning  of  word 79 

Touring  Car — General  description  of 79 

Touring  supplies  to  be  carried 79,  80 

Torsion  rod — Function  of 80 

Traction  of  driving  wheels 80 

Transmission — Efficiency  of  80 

Throttling  the  charge 80 

Tubing — Copper  80 

Two-cylinder  opposed  motor 64 

U 

Unit  of  heat 81 

Mechanical  equivalent  of 81 

Units  of  heat  in  gasoline 81 

V 

Valves  of  an  explosive  motor 82,  83 

Auxiliary  air  valve 82 


162  Index — Part  I 

Page 

Butterfly  valve  82,  83 

Exhaust  valve  82 

Globe  valve 83 

Lead  of  83 

Swing  check 83 

Vapor — Saturation  point  of 84 

Vapor  tension  84 

Vaporizers  for  carbureters 84 

W 

Water  circulating  systems 84 

Water  freezing  in  jackets 62,  63 

Watt  hour — Meaning  of 85 

Wipe  spark  ignition  system 85 

Wire — Result  of  breaking 85 

Wire  drawing  of  mixture 85,  86 

Wood  alcohol  14,  86 

X 

Xardell  muffler  86 

Z 

Zero — Absolute  86 


INDEX— PART  II 

A Page 

Anti-skid  chains 151 

B 

Backlash  between  timing  gears 105 

Bosch  magneto 134 

C 

Carbon  knock 106 

Carberuter  trouble  124 

Carbureter  valves  125 

Carburetion  124 

Connecting  rod  119 

Curing  the  knocks 116 

Cuts  in  tire  cases 151 

F 

Filing  points  of  Connecticut  magneto 137 

Fitting  piston  rings 145 

Flywheel — Loose  120 

Fuel  knock  106 

I 

Ignition 134 

Ignition  knocks  105 

Ignition  trouble  138 

Inside  protectors  for  tires 152 

K 

Knock — Determining  the  110 

Knocks — Motor  105 

Knocks — Curing  the  116 

L 

Loose  connecting  rod 105 

163 


164  Index — Part  II 

Page 

Loose  flywheel  105 

Loose  part  knocks 105 

Loose  piston 105 

Loose  wrist  pin 105 

M 

Magneto  adjustment  139 

Marvel  carbureter 130 

Mayer  carbureter 129 

Misfiring 126 

Motor  knocks 105 

P 

Piston  rings — How  to  remove 148 

Piston  ring  slap 105 

Play  between  timing  gears 105 

Push  rod  knock 107 

R 

Rayfield  carbureter  * 127 

Rayfield  carbureter  adjustment 127 

Remy  magneto 137 

Ring — Lapping  in  122 

Ring  slap 121 

Ring  slap — Determining  the 115 

S 

Schebler  carbureter,  Model  O 131 

Simms  magneto 135 

Slaps  105 

Sooty  plugs 138 

Spark  knock — Causes  of 107 

Stone  bruises  152 

Stromberg  Type  C carbureter 131 

T 

Tappet  adjustment  144 

Timing  gear  backlash  121 


Index — Part  II 


165 

Page 

Timing  gear  knock 107 

Tires — Ailments,  care  and  repair 149 

U 

Under-inflation  of  tires 150 

V 

Valve  grinding 142 

Valve  slap  105 

Valve  slap — Determining  the 115 

Valve  springs  142 

Valve  springs — Weak 143 

Valve  troubles  .. . 141 

Valve  troubles — Determining  141 

W 


Worn  cylinder 


105 


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formation as  will  thoroughly  equip  them  for  the  responsibilities  of  theii 
calling.  The  subject-matter  is  arranged  in  such  a manner  that  the  fire* 
man  just  entering  upon  his  apprenticeship  may,  by  beginning  with  chapter 
I,  learn  of  his  duties  as  a fireman  and  then,  by  closely  following  the  make- 
up of  the  book  in  the  succeeding  pages,  will  be  able  to  gain  a thorough 
knowledge  of  the  construction,  maintenance  and  operation  of  all  types  of 
engines. 

Breakdown,  and  what  to  do  in  cases  of  emergency,  are  given  a con- 
spicuous place  in  the  book,  including  engine  running  and  all  its  varied 
details.  Particular  attention  is  also  paid  to  the  air  brake,  including  all 
new  and  improved  devices  for  the  safe  handling  of  trains. 

The  book  contains  over  800  pages  and  is  beautifully  illustrated  with 
line  drawings  and  half-tone  engravings.  Plain,  simple  and  explicit  lan- 
guage is  used  throughout  the  book,  making  it  unquestionably  the  most 
modern  treatise  on  this  subject  in  print, 

Size  5x624.  Pocket-book  style.  Full  seal  grain  leather*  with  gold 
stampings  and  gold  edges.  Price,  $3.00 

Sent  Postpaid  to  any  Address  in  the  World  upon  Receipt  of  Price 


FREDERICK  J.  DRAKE  & CO. 

PUBLISHERS 


CHICAGO, 


ILLINOIS 


Modem  Carpentry 

VOLUME  I. 


FOR  CARPENTERS  AND  WOOD  WORKERS  GENERALLY 

Fred  T.  Hodgson,  Architect,  Editor  of  the  National  Builder, 
Steel  Square  and  Its  Uses,  etc.,  etc. 

NEW,  complete  guide,  containing  hundreds  of  qulcti 
methods  for  performing  work  in  carpentry,  joining  and 
general  wood -work.  Like  all  of  Mr.  Hodgson’s  works,  it  is 
written  in  a simple,  everyday  style,  and 
does  not  bewilder  the  working-man 
with  long  mathematical  lormulas  or 
abstract  theories.  The  illustrations,  of 
which  there  are  many,  are  explanatory, 

®o  that  any  one  who  can  read  plain 
English  will  be  able  to  understand  them 
easily  and  to  follow  the  work  m hand 
without  difficulty. 

The  book  contains  methods  of  laying 
roofs,  rafters,  stairs,  floors,  hoppers, 
bevels,  joining  mouldings,  mitering, 
coping,  plain  hand-railing,  circular 
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things  the  carpenter  wants  to  know  to  help 
liim  in  his  every  day  vocation.  It  is  the 
most  complete  and  very  latest  work  published,  being  thorough, 
practical  and  reliable.  One  which  no  carpenter  can  afford  to 
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Prioe  ...  $J.OO 

FREDERICK  J.  DRAKE  CO.,  Publishers. 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 


THIS  book  embraces  a series  of  instructions  written  and 
illustrated  in  a plain,  practical  manner,  which  will 
enable  anyone  to  acquire  a thorough  working  knowledge 
of  the  art  of  sign  painting.  It  contains  lesson  sheets,  re- 
view questions,  etc.,  which  will  enable  anyone  to  system- 
atically study  the  art  successfully.  There  are  no  musty, 
obsolete  methods  in  the  book,  all  being  modern  and  in  use 
today  by  the  best  talent  in  the  profession.  The  book  con- 
tains ninety-six  designs  in  complete  composition,  with 
color  note  for  each,  160  pages  of  practical  text  matter,  and 
75  alphabets.  It  is  by  far  the  largest  book  on  this  subject 
published  and  we  challenge  comparison. 


Large  quarto,  332  Pages,  Cloth  Binding,  with  special  decorated 
cover  design  printed  in  five  colors  ink.  Price  : $3.00 


Sold  by  'BooKitellers  generally , or  sent  postpaid  to  any  ad- 
dress upon  receipt  of  Trice  by  the  Publishers 

FREDERICK  J.  DRAKE  & CO. 

PUBLISHERS  CHICAGO,  U.  S.  A. 


FREDERICK  JT.  DRAKE  & CO.’S 
PRACTICAL  MECHANICAL  BOOKS 
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HOME  STUDY 

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Air  Brake  Practice,  Modern — Dukesmith. 

Illustrated  1.50  . . . 

Air  Brake,  Complete  Examinations,  West- 

inghouse  and  New  York 2.00 

Air  Brake,  Westinghouse  System 2.00  ... 

Air  Brake,  New  York  System 2.00  ... 

American  Homes,  Low  Cost — Hodgson.  Il- 
lustrated   1.00  ... 

Architectural  Drawing,  Self  - Taught  — 

Hodgson.  Illustrated  2.00  . . . 

Architecture,  Easy  Steps  to — Hodgson.  Il- 
lustrated   1.50  . . • 

Architecture,  Five  Orders — Hodgson.  Il- 
lustrated   1.00  . . • 

Armature  and  Magnet  Winding — Horst- 

mann  & Tousley 1.50 

Artist,  The  Amateur — Delamotte 1.00  ... 

Automobile  Hand  Book — Brookes.  Illus- 
trated   2.00 

Automobile,  The  Mechanician’s  Catechism 

— Swingle 1.25 

Blacksmithing,  Modern — Holmstrom.  Il- 
lustrated   1.00  ... 

Boat  Building,  for  Amateurs — Neison.  Il- 
lustrated   1.00  ... 

Bricklayers’  and  Masons’  Assistant,  The 

20th  Century — Hodgson.  Illustrated..  1.50  ... 

Bricklaying,  Practical,  Self  - Taught  — * 

Hodgson.  Illustrated  1.00  ... 

Bungalows  and  Low  Priced  Cottages — 

Hodgson  1.00  ... 

Calculation  of  Horse  Power  Made  Easy — 

Brookes.  Illustrated 75  ... 

Carpentry,  Modern.  Vol.  I — Hodgson.  Il- 
lustrated   1.00  • . • 

Carpentry,  Modern.  Vol.  II — Hodgson. 

Illustrated  1.00  ... 

Chemistry,  Elementary,  Self  - Taught — 

Roscoe.  Illustrated  1.00  . • • 

Concretes,  Cements,  Plasters,  etc. — Hodg- 
son. Illustrated  1.50  ... 

Correct  Measurements,  Builders’  and  Con- 
tractors’ Guide  to — Hodgson 1.50  ... 

Catechism,  Swingle’s  Steam,  Gas  and 

Electrical  Engineering 1.50 

Cabinet  Maker,  The  Practical,  and  Fur- 
niture Designer — Hodgson.  Illustrated  2.00  . . • 

Dynamo  Tending  for  Engineers — Horst- 

mann  & Tousley.  Illustrated 1.50  ... 

Dynamo — Electric  Machines — Swingle.  Il- 
lustrated   1.50  ... 

Electric  Railway  Troubles  and  How  To 

Find  Them — Lowe  1.50  ... 

Electric  Power  Stations — Swingle  2.50  . . . 

Electrical  Construction,  Modern.  Illus- 
trated   1.50 

Electrical  Dictionary,  Handy,  Weber 25  .50 

Electrical  Wiring  and  Construction  Ta- 
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Electricity,  Easy  Experiments  in — Dick- 
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Electricity  Made  Simple — Haskins.  Illus- 
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Electro  - Plating  Hand  Book — Weston. 

Illustrated  1.00  1.50 

Elementary  Electricity,  Up  To  Date — 

Aylmer-Small  1.25  ... 

Estimator,  Modern,  for  Builders  and 

Architects — Hodgson  1.60  ... 

Examination  Questions  and  Answers  for 
Locomotive  Firemen — Wallace.  Illus- 
trated   1.60 

Examination  Questions  and  Answers  for 
Marine  and  Stationary  Engineers — 

Swingle.  Illustrated  1.50 

Elevators,  Hydraulic  and  Electric — Swin- 
gle. Illustrated  1.00  ... 

Electrician's  Operating  and  Testing 
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trated   1.60 

Farm  Engines  and  How  to  Run  Them — 

Stephenson.  Illustrated  1.00  ... 

Furniture  Making,  Home — Raeth.  Illus- 
trated   60  ... 

First  Steps  in  Electricity,  or  Electricity 

for  Beginners — Harrison  1.00  . . . 

Gas  and  Oil  Engine  Hand  Book — 

Brookes.  Illustrated  1.00  1.50 

Hand  Book  for  Engineers  and  Electri- 
cians— Swingle.  Illustrated.  Pocket 

Book  Style  3.00 

Hardwood  Finishing,  Up-to-date — Hodg- 
son. Illustrated  1.00  ... 

Horse  Shoeing,  Correct — Holmstrom.  Il- 
lustrated   1.00  ... 

Hot  Water  Heating,  Steam  and  Gas  Fit- 
ting— Donaldson.  Illustrated  1.50  . . . 

Heating  and  Lighting  Railway  Passen- 
ger Cars — Prior  1.25  ... 

Locomotive  Breakdowns,  with  Questions 

and  Answers — Wallace.  Illustrated 1.50 

Locomotive  Fireman's  Boiler  Instructor — 

Swingle 1.60 

Locomotive  Engineering — Swingle.  Illus- 
trated. Pocket  Book  Style 3.00 

Machine  Shop  Practice — Brookes.  Illus- 
trated   2.00  ... 

Mechanical  Drawing  and  Machine  Design 

— Westinghouse.  Illustrated 2.00  ... 

Motorman,  How  to  Become  a Successful. 

Aylmer-Small.  Illustrated  1.50 

Motorman's  Practical  Air  Brake  Instruc- 
tor— Denehie  1.50 

Modern  Electric  Illumination,  Theory 
and  Practice — Horstmann  & Tousley. 

Illustrated  2.00 

Millwright's  Practical  Hand  Book — Swin- 
gle. Illustrated  2.00  . . . 

Modern  American  Telephony  In  All  Its 

Branches — Smith.  Illustrated 2.00 


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Operation  of  Trains  and  Station  Work — 

Prior.  Illustrated  1.50 

Painting,  Cyclopedia  of — Maire.  Illus- 
trated   1.50  . . . 

Pattern  Making  and  Foundry  Practice — 

Hand.  Illustrated  1.50 

Picture  Making  for  Pleasure  and  Profit — 

Baldwin.  Illustrated  1.25  ... 

Plumbing,  Practical,  Up-to-Date — Clow. 

Illustrated  1.50  . . . 

Railway  Roadbed  and  Track,  Construc- 
tion and  Maintenance  of — Prior.  Illus- 
trated   2.00 

Railway  Shop  Up-to-Date — Haig.  Illus- 
trated   2.00  . . . 

Sheet  Metal  Workers’  Instructor — Rose. 

Illustrated  2.00  ... 

Signist’s  Book  of  Modern  Alphabets — Del- 

amotte  1.50  ... 

Sign  Painting,  The  Art  of — Atkinson...  3.00  ... 

Stair  Building  and  Hand  Railing — Hodg- 
son. Illustrated  1.00  ... 

Steam  Boilers — Swingle.  Illustrated 1.50 

Steel  Square,  A Key  to — Woods 1.50  ... 

Steel  Square,  Vol.  I — Hodgson.  Illus- 
trated   1.00  . . . 

Steel  Square,  Vol.  II — Hodgson.  Illus- 
trated   1.00  ... 

Steel  Square,  A B C — Hodgson 50  ... 

Steel  Construction,  Practical — Hodgson. 

Illustrated  50  ... 

Storage  Batteries — Niblett  50  ... 

Sho’  Cards,  A Show  At — Atkinson  and 

Atkinson  3.00  ... 

Stonemasonry,  Practical,  Self-Taught — 

Hodgson.  Illustrated  1.00  ... 

Telegraphy  Saif-Taught — Edison.  Illus- 
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Telephone  Hand-Book — Baldwin.  Illus- 
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Timber  Framing,  Light  and  Heavy — 

Hodgson  2.00  ... 

Toolsmith  and  Steel  Worker — Holford. 

Illustrated  1.50  ... 

Turbine,  The  Steam — Swingle.  Illustrated  1.00  ... 

Walschaert  Valve  Gear  Breakdowns  and 
How  to  Adjust  Them — Swingle.  Illus- 
trated   1.00  ... 

Wiring  Diagrams,  Modern — Horstmann 

& Tousley.  Illustrated  1.50 

Wireless  Telegraphy  and  Telephony — 

V.  H.  Laughter 1.00  ... 

Wood  Carving,  Practical — Hodgson.  Illus- 
trated   1.50  . . . 

THE  RED  BOOK  SERIES  OF  TRADE  SCHOOL 
MANUALS 
By  F.  Maire 

16  mo.,  Cloth,  Illustrated.  Price,  each,  $0.60 

Exterior  Painting,  Wood,  Iron  and  Brick. 

Interior  Painting,  Water  and  Oil  Colors. 

Colors,  What  They  Are  and  What  to  Expect 

from  Them. 

Graining  and  Marbling. 

Carriage  Painting. 

The  Wood  Finisher. 


* 


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. * iV  ' 


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